(Feature Image: Untreated industrial effluents being dumped in Drain No. 6, Sonipat in May 2023.)

More than 7 years have passed since the central government launched Rs. 20, 000 crores Namami Gange Programme in May 2015 replacing Ganga Action Plan (GAP) and created National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) a nodal agency to implement the programme.

The NMCG has already missed the target of cleaning the Ganga by 2019 and then by 2020 due to improper planning and Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) as accepted by G. Asok Kumar, Director General (DG), NMCG in an interview to The Week in January 2023 further extending the target to 2026.

Though Namami Gange aimed to adopt a basin wise approach with focus on e-flows, afforestation, revival of tributaries, biodiversity conservation in participatory manner; so far it has extensively worked on creation of sewage treatment infrastructures in the states along the main stem of the river.

Despite that the ground situation is far from improving as shown in the The Hindu report below which reveals that about 80 percent of the overall budget is being spent on sewage infrastructure creation and by 2026, the treatment plants capacity would be able to treat at the most 60 percent of sewage generated only along the main stem of the Ganga river.

Moreover, the report further suggests that of total 11,765 million litre per day (MLD) sewage being generated in five major states along the main stem of Ganga, NMCG is targeting creating 7000 MLD sewage treatment plants (STP) by 2026 and would rely on respective state governments to create STPs for the treatment of the remaining amount of the sewage. This also leaves out the sewage generated along the tributaries of Ganga.

This clearly shows that the NMCG would not be able to meet the 2026 target of cleaning the river. There is a big question mark even about the thus created Sewage Treatment Capacity as NMCG has failed to do anything to address to make the governance of the STPs transparent, participatory or accountable, which is key to achieve successful operation of the STP capacity.

It is worth mentioning that the nodal body has done nothing significant in terms of ensuring e-flows downstream dams and barrages in Ganga basin. The pollution in Ganga tributaries including Yamuna, Hindon, Gomti and several others is only increasing.

Despite being empowered, NMCG has out rightly refrained from intervening in large scale tree felling, muck dumping activities by highway and ongoing hydro projects in Ganga rivers or the proposed destruction of forests around Panna Tiger Reserve in the name of the proposed destructive Ken Betwa River Link Project. Similarly, NMCG has chosen to remain silent on rampant destruction of Ganga rivers by large scale mechanized river bed mining activities or the Char Dham and other highways. These all are damaging the Ganga river catchment, water sources and dependent aquatic life and impacting the river morphology in adverse manner.

Same is true with, NMCG planned and funded river front development, river ghats construction activities and the River Navigation and Tourism projects. The body has been silent on floodplain encroachments and abuse of the river. The Ganga Canal and Tent City projects in Varanasi are a few examples of this. Given the present ground realities, the national river is going to face continual degradation in all aspects unless the Namami Gange opens itself for reassessment and total course correction, which seems unlikely.

GANGA NMCG 7 years on, NMCG remains a work in progress In the 7 years since the government unveiled its ambitious ₹20,000 crore NMCG, it has installed treatment plants capable of treating just 20% of the sewage estimated to be generated in the five major States that lie along the river. This is expected to increase to about 33% by 2024; and according to the latest projections by senior officials in the NMCG, treatment plants will be capable of treating 60% of sewage by December 2026.

These calculations are premised on sewage to the tune of 11,765 MLD being generated in the five States – Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal – through which the river courses. This figure derives from a report submitted to the NGT earlier this year. However, the NMCG plans on setting up STPs capable of treating about 7,000 MLD of sewage by 2026; States are expected to set up the remaining capacity, both on their own, and drawing on separate initiatives by other arms of the Union government. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/seven-years-down-cleaning-the-ganga-remains-a-work-in-progress/article67259400.ece  (01 Sept. 2023)

3 decades of judicial efforts fail to solve pollution problem 17 years after the Allahabad High Court took up the matter of cleaning up the Ganga, a new question was posed before it: does the case even come under its jurisdiction? In a 22 February order this year, the HC noted that the Uttar Pradesh government had argued that the matter should be heard by the NGT instead.

-To make this submission, the state government relied on a 2012 Supreme Court judgment, which directed that all environment-related cases filed after the enactment of the National Green Tribunal Act 2010 should be transferred to the NGT. The SC had noted that this would help avoid conflicting orders from the NGT and high courts.

-As for environment-related cases that were filed prior to the NGT Act, the Supreme Court in 2012 only had a word of “caution for consideration of the courts”. It said that  “the courts may be well advised to direct transfer of such cases to the NGT in its discretion, as it will be in the fitness of administration of justice”. https://theprint.in/india/allahabad-hc-to-sc-to-ngt-judicial-efforts-to-clean-ganga-span-3-decades-but-road-ahead-unclear/1664708/  (12 July 2023)

Varanasi NGT recently sought responses from the Commissioner of Varanasi Municipal Corporation and the District Panchayat Raj Officer of Chandauli regarding measures taken by them to reduce pollution in Ganga. A bench of Chairperson and judicial member Justice Prakash Shrivastava, judicial member Justice Sudhir Agarwal, and expert member Professor A Senthil Veil issued notice to the two authorities. The order was passed on a letter petition flagging the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater into the Ganga in Varanasi. https://www.barandbench.com/news/ngt-seeks-response-varanasi-chandauli-authorities-steps-reduce-pollution-ganga  (02 Sept. 2023)

About Tent City on Ganga floodplains in Varanasi: Healthy floodplains are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance of a river. In particular, they allow a river to expand during floods, accommodating the additional volume of water without harming nearby land and settlements. Local communities practice agriculture on floodplains to earn their livelihoods. Historically, floodplains functioned as open spaces under community ownership, available to everyone. Contemporarily, floodplains of cities are used as a space for private businesses. Regardless of ownership, such endeavors pollute the environment and impact the river ecosystem. https://soanas.org/understanding-tourist-infrastructures-on-the-floodplains-of-ganga-in-banaras/  (02 Aug. 2023)

Rishikesh 5 MLD untreated sewage being dumped in river -Around three to five MLD sewage is being dumped into the Ganga without treatment in the Muni-ki-Reti area in Rishikesh, as per estimates. According to Jal Sansthan, the STP in Chor Pani area, having 5 MLD capacity, is not enough to treat all the sewage generated in the area. As a result, excess sewage, mainly human waste coming to the plant, is being dumped directly into the river.

-Assistant engineer of Jal Sansthan, Ashish Kumar, told TOI, “Chor Pani STP with 5 MLD capacity was constructed based on a local population survey, but in the last few years, the population has increased drastically in the region, especially in the summer season, as a number of tourists and pilgrims come to the Muni-ki Reti area. The official said that in order to counter the problem, a proposal has been made to construct a bypass line to the Lakkad Ghat STP in Rishikesh, which has 26 MLD capacity. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/5-mld-sewage-directly-dumped-into-ganga-in-rishikesh/articleshow/102296292.cms  (01 Aug. 2023)

Uttarakhand Plastic pollution in Ganga; Researchers flag concerns Researchers at Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University have found a new way to detect pollution levels in the Ganga River in Uttarakhand. They claim that microplastics, thermocol and clothing fibres have been found in stomachs of the marine population, which shows that the Ganga is getting polluted unhindered, besides consuming such fish can have a very adverse effect on human health.  https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/aug/26/something-fishy-about-plastic-pollution-in-ganga-researchers-flag-concerns-2608843.html  (26 August 2023)

HYDRO POWER PROJECTS

Himachal Pradesh Parbati II HEP commissioning delayed  -The , recent heavy rains and floods in Himachal have significantly impacted the hydropower plant’s supporting infrastructure, including access routes and approaches, resulting in additional delays. “We had originally intended to commission two units in this financial year (FY24). However, the rains and floods in Himachal Pradesh have been a setback, particularly for this project. As a result, these two units will now be commissioned in early FY25,” said Rajeev Kumar Vishnoi, the Chairperson and Managing Director (CMD) of NHPC Ltd during a recent interaction with investors.

Vishnoi also mentioned that repairing the damages caused by the natural calamity would lead to some cost escalation for the project. However, he did not provide a specific estimate of the additional costs that the Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) would incur. The Parbati-II project was initiated in 2003 and was originally scheduled for commissioning in 2010. However, it faced continuous delays due to various challenges, including tunnelling issues, water and silt seepage, flash floods, cloudbursts, and adverse geological conditions. https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/himachal-floods-delayed-parbati-ii-hydropower-project-commissioning-to-fy25-11296001.html   (01 Sept. 2023)

This report mentions about further damage to Larji HEP in HP, specifically its pen-stoke due to a landslide. It also says that Parbati 3 among a number of other projects have not yet started generating. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bhel-roped-in-for-larji-power-plant-restoration-539854  (31 Aug. 2023)

How people of Burry in Kinnaur are fighting against the injustices due to the 5 MW under construction Hydrpower project and how the administration and the project developers are not listening to the people’s grievances. https://fb.watch/mMwKC20wYp/?mibextid=2Rb1fB   (31 Aug. 2023)

-As per this update on Malana dam shared some 19 days ago, all efforts to open the dam gates had failed and the project officials were left with only one option of cutting down part of the RCC wall of the dam. 

-परियोजना प्रबंधन के पास अब एकमात्र विकल्प बांध की दीवार को काटना है। इससे पहले परियोजना प्रबंधन ने अपने स्तर पर तकनीकी रूप से इस बांध के चॉक हुए गेट को खोलने का भी प्रयास किया। ऐसे में नाकाम रहने पर एनडीआरएफ के तकनीकी विंग ने भी इसे खोलने के प्रयास किए थे मगर सारी कोशिशें बेकार गईं। ऐसे में अब मलाणा विद्युत प्रोजैक्ट चरण दो प्रबंधन ने बांध के लिए लगाई गई आरसीसी दीवार का एक हिस्सा तोड़कर बांध में जमा पानी को बाहर निकालने का फैसला लिया है। आरसीसी दीवार को काटने के लिए इस्तेमाल होने वाली मशीनरियों और सामग्री को बांध स्थल में पहुंचा दिया है और दीवार को काटने का कार्य शुरू किया जा रहा है। https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/ras/news/the-dam-of-malana-project-ii-will-be-emptied-by-cutting-part-of-the-wall-made-of-rcc-131669925.html 

Uttarakhand HC summons CS over non-compliance of order The High Court, while observing that the govt has not complied with previous orders in connection with persistent land subsidence in Joshimath, on Friday (Sept. 1) ordered the state chief secretary to appear in person at the next hearing on September 22. In January this year, the court had instructed the government to constitute an independent committee of experts from different fields, including geology, glaciology and disaster management, to investigate land subsidence in the hill town and submit its report within two months. Till date, no such committee has been formed. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-hc-summons-chief-secretary-over-non-compliance-of-order/articleshow/103297490.cms  (02 Sept. 2023)

Where will the mountain dwellers go? by Shruti Jain The sinking of Joshimath has not yet stopped. Newer cracks are appearing in its houses and fields, and older ones are widening. The situation warrants serious reflection and raises questions that have relevance for most Himalayan areas.

Firstly, how is it that no accountability gets fixed for such calamities? A series of so-called run-of-the-river (RoR) hydropower projects have been pushed in all Himalayan states, despite the region being ecologically and geologically sensitive and seismically highly active. Studies have shown that the green energy claims of these projects are not correct. Instead, they are “risk-laden artefacts” that have proved to be socially and ecologically unjust.

Second, why are the locals kept in the dark regarding the terrain’s safety, even as they are forced to spend sleepless nights in their damaged houses? Even after seven months have passed, no comprehensive report about the causes, extent, and future threats of land subsidence in Joshimath has come forth.

Third, if the government insists on pushing the RoRs despite all the risks, why must it not ensure the rehabilitation of the affected people? Even years after such projects have been in operation in the Himalayan states, there are no clear guidelines defining liabilities or official recognition of their impacts.

RoRs’ impact on the mountain topography is not one-time, but long-term and widespread. They unfold over a period of time, and impact areas that may not be in close vicinity. Thus, there is a need to revise the recognition of “project-affected” of RoRs, and their responsibilities towards rehabilitation.  https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/when-there-are-no-himalayas-for-himalayans-8873771/  (03 Aug. 2023)

North East Opposing the new forest law  The fears of the states in the North East centre around two provisions of the new law. First, the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act or FCA, will apply to only forests that have been declared or notified as a forest and forests recorded in government records, on or after October 25, 1980. In effect, this implies that areas that are not officially classified as forests in a government record, even if they are standing forests, will not be protected from commercial exploitation or any other kind of diversion. Second, the law allows for diversion of forests for construction of roads, railway lines or “strategic linear projects of national importance and concerning national security” within 100 km of India’s international borders – without the need for forest clearance.

The local communities in other states of the North East, too, expressed their fears that the law may be used to take over ancestrally owned lands without their permission and consultation. According to Bhanu Tatak, an anti-dam activist and researcher from Arunachal Pradesh, the government has neither consulted with the tribes and local people before coming up with such a law nor not considered their recommendation sent to the joint parliamentary committee. “Are we going to just give clearances to mega dams without social impact and environment assessments?” Tatak said. “These are huge questions and we are waiting for the rules to be notified to get more clarity.”

Experts also argued that the law clears the path for reckless diversion of forests for non-forest purposes. “More forest areas are likely to be converted in the near future which may lead to grim ecological consequences,” said Bibhab Kumar Talukdar, a conservation biologist based in Assam. Ecologist Pia Sethi said that the law “could be very detrimental for tribal communities and those who live close to the forest”. “It makes absolutely no mention of the rights of communities as ensured in the Forest (Rights) Act.” NPF leader Nienu added: “This Act stands as a threat to tribal lands – a land from which we derive our history, culture and identity. It can either fall into the commercial trap or be turned into a militarised zone in the name of national security.” https://scroll.in/article/1054882/why-states-in-the-north-east-are-opposing-the-new-forest-law  (29 Aug. 2023)

MoEF Some relevant decisions of the FAC meeting held on Aug 21 2023:1. Diversion of 211.8427 ha. of forest land for 500 MW Dugar Hyrdo Electric Project of NHPC under Pangi Forest Division and Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh: More Info sought.

2. Renewal of Collection of Minor Minerals from 64.0 ha of forest land of Song River in Block No. 8 of Bhupalpani under Raipur Range of Mussoorie Forest Division, Dehradun, Uttarakhand: the committee has recommended that the proposal may not be considered as a renewal case and the State Government shall submit proposal afresh/de-novo.

3. Diversion of 139.319 (originally proposed area 159.895 ha) of forest land for construction of Chheligarh Medium Irrigation Project in R. Udaygiri Block of Gajapati District of Odisha-Stage-1 compliance: APPROVED https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FAC_Minutes/81131125312161MoMofAC21-8-23.pdf 

DAMS

Madhya Pradesh राघोपुर मरवारी बांध निरस्त कराने को ले कर ग्रामीणों ने डिंडोरी जबलपुर नेशनल हाइवे किया जाम. This dam is proposed on Narmada river. https://bharatbhoomikabol.in/archives/12297  (01 Sept. 2023)

Tamil Nadu Govt turns down Rs3K-cr Mettur dam desilting proposal -The govt has declined the Water Resource Department’s (WRD) proposal for desilting multiple dams across the state over the next five years owing to financial constraints.

-Another WRD official said the although central water authorities are offering financial support to states for the renovation and rehabilitation of dams, they refrain from granting funds for desilting due to environmental concerns. Securing a loan from the World Bank is also no longer feasible for the state as it has already reached its borrowing limit.

-A senior government official told TNIE, “This is the initial phase. Currently, the plan to remove silt has been halted due to financial concerns. Additionally, there is not enough room to dispose of a large quantity of sand. Following deliberations, a decision will be taken.” https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/aug/27/tamil-nadu-govt-turns-down-rs-3k-croremettur-dam-desilting-proposal-2609069.html  (27 Aug. 2023)

INTERSTATE WATER DISPUTES

Cauvery Water Dispute CWMA asks Karnataka to release 5000 cusecs water The Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) on August 29 directed Karnataka to ensure that 5,000 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water be released at Billigundulu on the inter-State boundary for the next 15 days — up to September 12.  The Cauvery Water Management Authority’s direction will be in force for 15 days; referring to deficit in rainfall and inflows into four Karnataka reservoirs in the basin, CWMA chairman said the decision was based on a comparison of the current year’s data with that of the long term average.

This was decided at a meeting of the CWMA in New Delhi, which went on for two hours. Barring Tamil Nadu, which was represented by Sandeep Saxena, Additional Chief Secretary of the Water Resources department, at the meeting, other States participated in the meeting online. The quantum was what was recommended by the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC), which held its deliberations on August 28. Tamil Nadu wanted 24,000 cusecs to be supplied whereas Karnataka’ stand was 3,000 cusecs. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cauvery-water-row-karnataka-told-to-release-5000-cusecs-to-tamil-nadu/article67248829.ece   (29 Aug. 2023)

Tamil Nadu water resources minister S Duraimurugan on Tuesday (Aug. 29) lashed out at the CWMA’s decision ordering Karnataka to release 5,000 cusecs of water. S Duraimurugan called the Cauvery water panel’s decision “lethargic”. The minister said that 24,000 cusecs of Cauvery water should be released daily for 10 days to save the crops in the Tamil Nadu districts. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-minister-slams-cauvery-panel-decision-on-water-sharing-with-karnataka-2428394-2023-08-30  (30 Aug. 2023)

The Karnataka government is now devising a strategy to argue for a ‘distress formula’ which can calculate the quantum of water to be released to Tamil Nadu during years of deficit rains. Legal experts and Congress legislators aware of the developments say that the distress formula should be in place to account for the rainfall deficiency that year. https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/distress-formula-deficient-rains-fair-share-all-about-latest-karnataka-tn-tiff-over-cauvery/1734406/  (28 Aug. 2023)

The CWMA in an affidavit filed on Thursday (31st August) has told the Supreme Court that it has been informed by the State of Karnataka that a total of 149898 cusec of water has been discharged at Biligundulu from 12.08.2023 to 26.08.2023. https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/cauvery-water-dispute-karnataka-has-informed-that-149898-cusecs-of-water-was-released-from-12th-to-26th-august-cwma-tells-supreme-court-236775  (02 Sept. 2023)

As per the final Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) formula for water sharing with Tamil Nadu — as modified by the Supreme Court in 2018 — Karnataka should release a total of 45.95 TMC of water in August and 36.76 TMC in September. The Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC), which calibrates the water-sharing formula depending on the inflows into the Karnataka dams, observed on August 28 that the rainfall was deficient by minus 26 per cent in the Cauvery basin.  https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/cauvery-row-siddaramaiah-govt-pitches-for-mekedatu-dam-game-changer-8921008/  (02 Sept. 2023)

Mahanadi Water Dispute:  -नदी घाटी मोर्चा के संयोजक गौतम बंदोपाध्याय को महानदी का हल सुलझता हुआ नज़र नहीं आ रहा है। उनका कहना है कि पूरे देश के लिए नदियों को लेकर जब तक वैज्ञानिक चेतना के साथ एक नीति नहीं बनेगी, तब तक महानदी जैसे विवाद अनसुलझे रहेंगे। बंदोपाध्याय ने मोंगाबे-हिंदी से कहा, “विकास की दौड़ में जल और अधोसंरचना पर सर्वाधिक दबाव है। नदी घाटी आधारित समस्या को हल करने के लिए युद्ध स्तर पर प्रयास जरुरी है। जब तक यह राजनीतिक दलों का एजेंडा बना रहेगा, इसका हल नहीं निकलेगा। जलवायु परिवर्तन के इस दौर में राज्य और केंद्र के नदी के नियंत्रण के दायरे को सुनिश्चित किया जाना ज़रुरी है। यह तभी संभव है, जब पूरे देश के लिए एक नीति का निर्माण हो।” https://hindi.mongabay.com/2023/08/18/mahanadi-chhattisgarh-odisha-water-dispute/   (18 Aug. 2023)

URBAN RIVERS

Mula-Mutha; Pune RFD leaves native communities out of picture The Mula-Mutha river silently nurtures and sustains the livelihoods, traditions, and cultural heritage of the indigenous communities, Sadly, their invaluable perspectives and voices often go unheard amidst the bustling development plans that overshadow their existence.

The challenge lies in revitalising this relationship and acknowledging the loss caused by urbanisation and pollution. The revival of practices or continuation of activities associated with the river would depend on the lenses of development that influential authorities choose to wear. Effective urban heritage management should prioritise fostering socio-cultural connections that have long been intertwined with natural sites. By acknowledging and nurturing these linkages, we can ensure a more holistic and sustainable approach to the preservation and utilisation of urban river systems. https://citizenmatters.in/mula-mutha-riverfront-development-pune-impact-on-ecology-livelihoods-communities-33769  (03 Aug. 2023)

Fresh notice served to PMC to pay ₹507 cr’ fine for polluting river In a fresh notice served to the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC), the Khadakwasla division of the state water resources department has reminded the civic body of a ₹507 crores’ fine payable by it for failure to treat sewage water before discharging into the Mula-Mutha river for the past six years. According to the PMC, around 477 MLD out of the 750 MLD sewage water generated within the former Pune city limits is treated by 9 STPs. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-pmc-faces-507-crore-fine-for-failure-to-treat-sewage-water-new-stps-planned-to-tackle-pollution-issue-101693161637371.html  (28 Aug. 2023)

RIVERS

Report Rainwater volume dip in sub-basins Water expert Himanshu Thakkar, who is also coordinator of South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP), said, “Some of the recent research has shown that the amount of rain has decreased in river basins with surplus water and increased in basins with deficit water over the past century”. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/worrying-rainwater-volume-dip-in-101-sub-basins-imd/articleshow/103148321.cms  (29 Aug. 2023)

North East Waste management needs overhaul -A significant portion of the waste generated in Northeast India is haphazardly dumped without processing or treatment in dumpsites that are not scientifically designed, constructed or operated. Uncollected waste finds its way into critical waterbodies such as the Barak, Gomti, Myntdu and Brahmaputra rivers. Waste burning has also been reported in a number of areas.  https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/waste/why-waste-management-in-northeast-india-needs-an-urgent-overhaul-91377  (25 Aug. 2023)

Meghalaya Govt to use AI- powered boat to clean Umiam lake -Umkhrah and Umshyrpi rivers, which flow through the state capital Shillong, carry tonnes of plastics every day and dump them into the southern part of the lake, which is only accessible by boats an official said on Aug. 27. Health Secretary Ram Kumar, the Nodal Officer for the Smart Village Movement, said ClearBot, a Hongkong-based company, gave a demonstration over one week, and the self-driving boat is collecting 200 kg of waste in one session. If commissioned with the job, the cost of cleaning by ClearBot is about the same as an earthmover, ClearBot co-founder Siddhant said. CM Conrad K Sangma is monitoring the overall implementation of the project, he said. At present, some of ClearBot’s boats are engaged in cleaning waste in Varanasi and Bengaluru. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meghalaya-to-use-ai-powered-boat-to-clean-umiam-lake-4333420   (27 Aug. 2023)

NARMADA Madhya Pradesh NGT summons Dindori collector, NVDA VC The NGT has directed the Dhindori district collector, Narmada Valley Development Authority vice chairman and other authorities concerned, to appear before it in a matter regarding pollution of the river Narmada.

A Bench of judicial member Justice Sudhir Agarwal and expert member Afroz Ahmad in a recent order said, “It is not disputed that continuously untreated municipal sewage is being discharged in river Narmada causing pollution.” The violators have also committed an offence under provision of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, it said. The Bench said, “Before taking any strict action in the matter, including prosecution against the responsible officers, we find it appropriate to give an opportunity to all parties concerned.” https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narmada-pollution-ngt-directs-dindori-collector-nvda-vice-chairman-to-appear-before-it/article67263023.ece  (02 Sept. 2023)

Himachal Pradesh Solid waste pollution in Neugal river – Rising urbanisation and tourism have led to the accumulation of tonnes of mixed waste at the floodplains of the Neugal river in Palampur. The dump yard near the Neugal has become a bane for residents and the ecosystem. Neugal river is a perennial tributary of the Beas, a source of water for more than 100 villages. The leachate from the dump yard is carried by irrigation channels and rainwaters that eventually drain into the Neugal.

-Solid waste management is in deplorable condition in the rest of the state as well. “The lower areas of Baddi, Barotiwala and Nalagarh are the largest pharmaceutical hubs of Asia. They release solid waste and toxic effluents into the river, turning the region into a cancer belt,” said Manshi Asher, a member of Himdhara Collective, a non-profit. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/pollution/this-award-winning-waste-management-plant-in-himachal-s-palampur-has-turned-into-a-garbage-hill-90965   (02 Aug. 2023)

-बिलासपुर जिले के गंभरोला खड्ड, चिल्ला पुल के पास कुछ अज्ञात लोगों ने गुरुवार (Aug. 31) को खड्ड में केमिकलयुक्त पदार्थ फेंक दिया। इससे खड्ड का पूरा पानी लाल हो चुका है। इस खड्ड से पेयजल लेने वाले लोगों यह बड़ा खतरा है। डिप्टी सीएम मुकेश अग्निहोत्री ने इस मामले में त्वरित कार्रवाई करते हुए प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड को देऊत स्थित कत्था फैक्ट्री को सील करने का आदेश दिया है। पानी के सैंपल ले लिए गए हैं। इस खडड पर एक सिंचाई व एक निर्माणाधीन पेयजल योजना है, जिससे फिलहाल पानी की सप्लाई नहीं दी जा रही है। https://himachalabhiabhi.com/rivulet-water-changed-to-red-factory-sealed-in-bilaspur-himachal-pradesh/   (31 Aug. 2023)

Himachal Pradesh- Haryana NGT gives 3 months to HP & Hry for Markanda river pollution report NGT has given the pollution control boards of Himachal and Haryana three months to submit a report on the sewage and industrial effluents being discharged into Markanda river. The division bench of justice Sheo Kumar Singh and justice Arun Kumar Tyagi directed these boards to stop untreated factory waste from entering the river and quantify the discharge. The tribunal’s orders are based on a petition that Dharamvir of Naraingarh in Ambala district had filed last year to report the Trilokpur Road factories of Kala Amb in Himachal Pradesh’s Sirmaur district that release their waste into the Markanda through the Kaimi drain.

The petitioner has pointed out that Markanda is a holy river, so these companies are hurting public’s religious sentiments by polluting her, besides causing serious diseases. A company has even dug an illegal drain to discharge its effluents into the river. The NGT has constituted two joint committees already to investigate the complaints against the river’s polluters from Kala Amb and sought a response from both states. NGT had earlier asked HP’s pollution control board to submit a report on the quality of Markanda’s water, encroachment on its banks, and how the factories of Kala Amb treat their effluents. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/green-tribunal-gives-3-months-to-hp-hry-for-markanda-river-pollution-report/articleshow/102069399.cms  (24 July 2023) 

Uttarakhand सरकारी सनक की भेंट चढ़ा बद्रीनाथ धाम स्मार्ट हिल सिटी या स्मार्ट धाम बनाने के नाम पर बद्रीनाथ को मलबे के ढेर में तब्दील किया जा चुका है। सैकड़ों दुकानें तोड़ दी गई हैं और कई पवित्र जलधाराओं का अस्तित्व खत्म हो गया है। कई छोटे-छोटे मंदिर तोड़े जा चुके है। इस तोड़फोड़ से निकला मलबा या तो बद्रीनाथ धाम के चारों ओर बिखरा हुआ है या फिर अलकनंदा में फेंक दिया गया है। मलबे के कारण अलकनंदा का जलस्तर पहले से ज्यादा ऊपर आ चुका है, जो बद्रीनाथ धाम के लिए बड़ा खतरा साबित हो सकता है।

रिवर फ्रंट डेवलपमेंट के नाम पर नदी के किनारे पहाड़ियों को काटा जा रहा है, जिससे ऊपर के हिस्सों को खतरा पैदा हो गया है। कई मकान खतरे की जद में आ गए हैं। बद्रीनाथ मंदिर के एक हिस्से में भी झुकाव आ गया है। इस हिस्से को लोहे के गार्डर का सहारा दिया गया है। आम लोगों को यह झुकाव महसूस न हो इसके लिए मंदिर के प्रभावित हिस्से को ग्रीन नेट से कवर किया गया है। https://janchowk.com/pahlapanna/ground-report-bhu-baikunth-dham-succumbed-to-government-whims/  (30 Aug. 2023)

Raiwala, Rishikesh: Widening cracks cause concern Water continued to seep through floors on Tuesday (Aug. 22) as heavy rain impacted parts of Rishikesh and Raiwala, where cracks emerged in houses, prompting concern among local residents. In Rishikesh, Shivaji Nagar, Amit Gram, Gumaniwala, Mansa Devi, Chandrabhaga and Malviya Nagar were completely inundated on Tuesday (Aug. 22). Pradhan of Raiwala, Jaynand Dimri, said some houses in Dandi ward have subsided due to the recent rain, while some houses in Advani colony have developed cracks.

As per the district administration, these areas are close to the Ganga, which has caused an elevation in the groundwater table. A senior scientist said, “Lack of scientific planning of colonies that have come up on agricultural land and the Ganga flowing nearby are among reasons for the phenomenon. It would be best to evacuate families and hydro-geologically assess the fragility of the area and its load-bearing capacity before allowing any further construction.”  https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/rain-havoc-in-raiwala-rishikesh-widening-cracks-cause-concern/articleshow/102959819.cms  (23 Aug. 2023)

Bihar This details 7 incidents of built and under construction bridge collapse in the state in past 12 months attributing the reasons to poor quality construction, corruption, lack of maintenance and passing of heavy good trucks including sand laden trucks.  https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/bharat/bihar-bridge-collapse-story-of-7-bridge-fall-in-one-year-in-bihar/na20230605135157707707074  (05 June 2023)

YAMUNA Delhi  This report looks at the impact of floodplain encroachment on the floods in Delhi recently. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/floodplain-lost-floods-in-future-could-be-worse/articleshow/103096669.cms  (27 Aug. 2023)

This report suggests that the Yamuna Biodiversity park fared much better in recent Delhi Floods compared to the river front work at Qudasia Ghat. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/yamuna-restoration-projects-yamuna-water-level-yamuna-biodiversity-park-yamuna-restoration-sites-8911228/   (28 Aug. 2023)

Haryana Industry owners use fake CA certs to get nod for factories, face FIRs The SPCB is in the process of lodging police complaint against half a dozen industries located in Sonipat as during an investigation it was found that they have produced fake certificates of chartered accountants (CAs) for getting consent to establish (CTE) and consent to operate (CTO) industrial units from the SPCB. This caused a huge revenue loss to the SPCB. The matter came to light after a Delhi-based environmentalist Varun Gulati last September, filed a complaint regarding the alleged scam to the CM, chief secretary, DC Sonipat, DG vigilance in Haryana and member secretary in SPCB.

During an investigation by the pollution board it was found that these industries comprised dyeing and other units located at Barhi industrial area, Rai, Wazirpur and Kharkhoda and Murthal. After the investigation the pollution board has recommended police complaints against all these industries. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/industry-owners-use-fake-ca-certs-to-get-nod-for-factories-face-firs/articleshow/103226723.cms  (31 Aug. 2023)

Govt gives NGT roadmap for SPCB recruitment The Haryana Public Service Commission has issued advertisements inviting applications for vacant assistant environmental engineer positions and attempts are on to bring in 15 officials of different cadres on deputation from other departments, said a report submitted to the NGT. Additionally, SPCB has set up two regional offices in Sirsa and Fatehabad, taking the total count to 24, it said. If the appointments are made in time, board’s chairman P Raghavendra Rao told TOI on Tuesday (Aug. 22), all the pending vacancies will be filled in six months.

The government’s Tuesday (Aug. 22) submission was made after NGT in April had pulled up the government on staff shortage at the SPCB. NGT, which was hearing a petition on an RTI reply to activist Varun Gulati, had “disapproved” the board’s argument that it was “helpless” due to “inaction” by the Haryana Public Service Commission, which makes the appointments to HSPCB. The “failure of one limb of the state” cannot be used as “justification” by “another limb”, the bench had said.

On Aug. 22, SPCB chairman P Raghavendra Rao said all required actions are being taken. “We are expecting a few scientists to start joining in the next 10 days. If things go according to the plan, then we expect that the board will run on full strength in the next six months,” he said. The vacancies include positions for scientists, assistant environmental engineers, senior scientific assistants and clerks. The board has sweeping powers to monitor, inspect, conduct surprise checks, and collect samples at the source of emissions to check if pollutants are being released. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/hry-gives-ngt-roadmap-for-hspcb-recruitment-63-positions-vacant/articleshow/102961466.cms  (23 Aug. 2023)

RIVERS BIODIVERSITY

Manipur Disappearance of ‘Ngawa’ from Khuga River The fish species ‘Ngawa’ (Baril) is one of the delicacies for the people of Manipur; known for its sweet taste is disappearing from the river, Khuga. Studies suggest that the reason behind the loss of Ngawa is due to delicate ecological balance, unchecked large-scale deforestation and natural factors like climate change. Out of the six Barilius species distributed in the state, the three species Barilius basna, Barilius bendelisis and Barilius doger singhi inhibit in the Khuga River. Though still found rarely in the hilly stretch of Khuga River, the fish has almost gone extinct from the River’s valley stretch.

– The Khuga River originates from the north of Churachandpur district neighbouring Myanmar near border pillar 46 having a total of 600.1 square kilometres catchment area. After passing the hilly stretch of 66.6 Km, the river starts its journey in the valley near Mata village in Churachandpur district which then travels for another 47.2 Km before merging with the Manipur River at Ithai village in Bishnupur district.

– Senior Consultant (Scientific) Dr Manichandra Sanoujam expressed that reduction in the rate of flow of the river, rise in temperature and scanty rainfall are possible reasons for disappearing of Ngawa species. The Baril is a surface feeder which consumes its food by filtering water through its gills. The species would not survive when the water becomes muddy or less oxygenated.

– The extensive extraction of minor minerals such as stone pebbles and sand which serve as a natural aerator thereby oxygenating the river, could also be one of the reasons for the disappearance of the fish species, according to the senior consultant. He also said that other species like Ngara (Tor putitora), Thangonpanbi (Schistura vinciguerrae), Ngaton (Bangana dero), Sareng Khoibi (Botia berdmorei), Nganap (Glyptothorax species), Ngasep (Mystus cavasius), Ngaril Laina (Anguilla bengalensis Gray), etc., need survey before they meet the same rate of ngawa. http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=21..280823.aug23  (27 Aug. 2023)

SoB 2023 Declining bird populations a reminder of rapid biodiversity loss A majority of bird species in India are on the decline – an alarming indication of biodiversity loss and anthropogenic pressures on the environment, a new report assessing bird diversity and population stability in the country has found. The findings were captured in the State of India’s Birds 2023 report, which was released August 25 by a consortium of 13 government and non-profit conservation organizations, and based on 30 million bird sightings. The report identifies 178 birds of high conservation priority which need urgent action plans for their conservation and deeper research to understand the factors leading to their decline. https://india.mongabay.com/2023/08/declining-bird-populations-are-a-grim-reminder-of-rapid-biodiversity-loss-says-new-report/  (29 Aug. 2023)

SAND MINING

MoEF Some relevant decisions of the FAC meeting held on Aug 21 2023: 1. Proposal for change in condition of Stage-II approval for diversion of 54.668 ha. of forest land under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 for extraction of sand, stone and bajri from bed of river Yamuna mining project by Randeep Singh, Mauza and Mohal Bhagani, District Sirmour, within the jurisdiction of Paonta Forest Division, District, Sirmour Himachal Pradesh.

DECISION: The FAC had detailed discussion and deliberation with concern Dy. Director General of Forests (C) and keeping in view recent changes in weather pattern and the flood situation in the state of Himachal Pradesh, the request of the State for modification in the condition no (vi) of the approval was not acceded to by the Committee. The Committee however recommended to modify the Condition no (v) of the Stage-II approval dated 29.11.2022 as under: “The State Govt. shall ensure that no extraction of material will be allowed from the river beds during the months of June to September each year.”  https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FAC_Minutes/81131125312161MoMofAC21-8-23.pdf 

Haryana PAC bears faults in Yamuna Nagar mining operations This report shows how every monitoring effort regarding illegal sand mining in Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana has failed or hijacked by the mining mafia, with collusion of the official agencies. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/criminal-nexus-pac-bares-faults-in-yamunanagar-mining-ops-539791  31 Aug. 2023)

The Tribune Edit on nexus between miners and officials. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/editorials/crush-the-nexus-540129  (01 Sept. 2023)

NGT seeks report in 4 weeks The NGT on Monday (Aug. 28) asked the state pollution board and Mahendergarh administration to submit a report in four weeks on the allegation that illegal mining is degrading the Aravalis and damaging houses in the district. NGT was hearing a petition by Shishram and other residents of Mosnota village who said in their plea that illegal mining was being carried out by blasting off parts of the hills to quarry stones. This, the petition said, was damaging their houses and also affecting their farms. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/illegal-mining-in-mahendergarh-ngt-seeks-report-in-four-weeks/articleshow/103152386.cms  (29 Aug. 2023)

Himachal Pradesh has banned mining in Beas basin and ordered closure of stone crushers: Kangra (82, including 56 in Nurpur subdiv), Mandi (20), Hamirpur (19) and (Una). State has total of 300 stone crushers, 43% of them in Beas basin. People had blamed illegal mining, leading to Beas river changing its course, leading to worsening of floods. Earlier in 2018 after NGT ordered closure of stone crushers within 100 mts from rivers, but the state govt went to SC to get the stay lifted. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/after-mining-ban-in-beas-basin-43-stone-crushers-shut-down-538897  (28 Aug. 2023)

राज्यपाल शिव प्रताप शुक्ल ने मुख्यमंत्री सुखविंदर सिंह सुक्खू को भेजे पत्र में कहा है कि अवैध खनन के मामलों में राज्य सरकार ने क्या कार्रवाई की है? इसकी सूचना राजभवन को भेजी जाए। राजभवन ने कहा है कि कुछ लोग अवैध खनन के कारण पूरे समाज का नुकसान कर जाते हैं और लोगों तथा सरकार को इसकी दूरगामी कीमत चुकानी पड़ती है। अवैज्ञानिक तरीके के खनन से सरकार को भी राजस्व घाटा होता है। इसलिए मुख्यमंत्री भविष्य में इस तरह की गतिविधियों पर रोक के लिए ठोस कदम उठाएं और सरकार की इस बारे में क्या योजना है? इसकी जानकारी दें। राज्यपाल ने यह भी पूछा है कि वर्तमान में राज्य में खनन के लिए कितने लाइसेंस धारी हैं और अब तक अवैध खनन के मामले में क्या कार्रवाई की गई है? https://www.divyahimachal.com/2023/09/breaking-the-governors-strict-attitude-on-illegal-mining-asked-the-cm-what-action-has-the-government-taken-so-far/  (01 Sept. 2023)

Punjab 36 stone crushers sealed in Anandpur Sahib, Nangal Mining Department officials have sealed 36 stone crushers in Anandpur Sahib and Nangal after finding irregularities in their records. Illegal mining was also found near 10 of the sealed stone crushers. Local MLA and Cabinet minister Harjot Bains said the mining in the district was banned during monsoon till September 30. Still there were reports that digging was being done at many places following which the officials were asked to take strict action against the offenders and today the department sealed 36 units. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/irregularities-in-records-36-stone-crushers-sealed-540114  (01 Sept. 2023)

Chhattisgarh: -This report details the death of four kids about a month ago and death of sand worker about six months ago due to illegal sand mining in and around Arpa river in Bilaspur district. https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/bilaspur/news/chhattisgarh-news-deadly-pits-made-of-illegal-mining-in-arpa-river-131555766.html

Odisha Contrary to the claims of revenue, forest, mining and police department to have contained illegal mining in Mayurbhanj district, reports of illegal quartz stone mining in forest and revenue land of Sarashkana block under the nose of the district administration keep pouring in every now and then. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/aug/29/illegal-quartz-mining-thrives-in-odishas-mayurbhanj-district-2609720.html  (29 Aug. 2023)

WETLANDS, LAKES, WATER BODIES

Maharashtra Centre clears diversion of mangroves for Borivali – Virar railway expansion  The Union environment ministry’s regional empowered committee has approved the diversion of 12.78 hectares of mangrove forests for the expansion of railway services in Mumbai. The proposal, which includes the felling of over 2,000 mangroves, has been awaiting clearance for over a year. The project aims to add a fifth and sixth railway line to the Western Railway to ease congestion. The Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation has been instructed to construct animal underpasses to protect wildlife in the area. The project is still awaiting necessary clearances from the Bombay High Court and the state coastal zone management authority. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbais-mangroves-sacrificed-for-railway-expansion-2612-trees-to-be-felled-as-12-78-hectares-of-forests-diverted-101693423456087.html  (31 Aug. 2023)

Bihar, wetlands of over 100 ha area will have a health card, the aquatic and avian biodiversity will be surveyed annually. https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/there-will-be-a-survey-of-aquatic-animals-and-birds-131750738.html  (28 Aug. 2023)

Himachal Pradesh कुल्लू लगघाटी और मंडी जिला की चौहार, छोटा भंगाल क्षेत्र की अधिष्ठात्री माता फूंगणी की पवित्र डायनासौर झील में इस बार 20 भादों के स्नान पर पाबंदी रहेगी। लगघाटी, चौहार, बरोट और छोटा भंगाल के देवी-देवताओं ने झील की अपवित्रता को लेकर नाराजगी जताई है। https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/kullu/ban-on-holy-bath-of-20-bhado-in-dinosaur-lake-kullu-news-c-89-1-klu1001-5885-2023-08-30  (31 Aug. 2023)

WATER OPTIONS

Rajasthan Water harvesting benefits 550 families in Dholpur An initiative for promoting water harvesting in the hilly terrains with the rejuvenation and construction of ponds has benefited over 550 rural families in two blocks of Rajasthan’s Dholpur district. The project, which has completed one year, has led to better availability of irrigation water and a significant increase in agricultural production in the region. Launched by a Bharatpur-based public service institution, the initiative has produced encouraging results with a gradual increase in the ground water level, farming of water chestnuts in the ponds and diversification of crops grown by the farmers. The sustained work in the project, with the participation of villagers, has augmented the income of farmers. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/water-harvesting-initiative-benefits-550-families-in-dholpur-district/article67243736.ece  (28 Aug. 2023)

Bengaluru Guardians of our lakes In an initiative of community-driven environmental consciousness, the residents of KR Puram have launched an inspiring initiative titled ‘I did my bit to this lake’. This initiative aims to foster a sense of responsibility towards the protection and maintenance of local lakes, with residents actively participating in various activities to enrich and safeguard the natural water bodies. The community’s dedication was evident as residents recently extended their efforts to Varanasi Lake. On Wednesday, they carried out an awareness campaign at Varanasi Lake. With the mission of encouraging public involvement in lake preservation, the residents emphasised the importance of voluntary contributions to maintain the lakes. https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/guardians-of-our-lakes/articleshow/103221696.cms  (31 Aug. 2023)

Andhra Pradesh New method to save crops from drought Anantapur-based Accion Fraterna Ecology Centre on Wednesday (Aug. 30), showcased an effective method—Mobile Protective Irrigation—of saving standing crops in the district in the face of an impending drought. District Collector M Gauthami appreciated the efforts of the AF Ecology Centre in providing protective irrigation to  5,000 acres of land in eight revenue mandals of the district. She said she would send a report to the State Government on this effective method of saving crops.

AF Ecology Centre Director YV Malla Reddy said that 1,500 farmers associated with the NGO have been successfully protecting the standing crop by using tankers, sprinklers, drip irrigation methods and flood irrigation through mutual cooperation to reduce the cost. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/aug/31/new-method-saves-crops-from-drought-in-andhra-pradesh-2610243.html  (31 Aug. 2023)

GROUNDWATER

Study Warming temperatures exacerbate groundwater depletion rates in India Abstract Climate change will likely increase crop water demand, and farmers may adapt by applying more irrigation. Understanding the extent to which this is occurring is of particular importance in India, a global groundwater depletion hotspot, where increased withdrawals may further jeopardize groundwater resources. Using historical data on groundwater levels, climate, and crop water stress, we find that farmers have adapted to warming temperatures by intensifying groundwater withdrawals, substantially accelerating groundwater depletion rates in India.

When considering increased withdrawals due to warming, we project that the rates of net groundwater loss for 2041–2080 could be three times current depletion rates, even after considering projected increases in precipitation and possible decreases in irrigation use as groundwater tables fall. These results reveal a previously unquantified cost of adapting to warming temperatures that will likely further threaten India’s food and water security over the coming decades. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi1401  (01 Sept. 2023)

The situation can occur despite the projected increases in precipitation and possible decreases in irrigation use as groundwater tables fall, the authors noted. The report stated: The projection that continued warming may triple groundwater depletion rates over the coming decades was made under a business-as-usual scenario. This is critical, given that more than 60 per cent of the nation’s irrigated agriculture depends on groundwater and portions of India are already facing severe groundwater depletion. To date, no study accounted for the potential increase in depletion caused by warming-induced increases in irrigation in India, the authors claimed. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/india-will-be-losing-groundwater-three-times-faster-in-2041-2080-finds-study-91503  (01 Sept. 2023)

Researchers found that warming temperatures, coupled with declining winter precipitation, accelerated groundwater declines at a rate far greater than that of groundwater recharge from increased monsoon precipitation. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/by-2080-india-could-lose-groundwater-by-3-times-the-current-rate-study/article67263183.ece  (02 Sept. 2023)

Opinion Groundwater needs a recharge S K Sarkar The impact of climate change on hydrological cycle is well known. Across the world, India is the second most flood prone country. Increased frequency of flooding causes enormous problems to the people. This also causes significant pressure on drainage system and sanitation management.

In the era of climate change, the water security should be addressed by policymakers and other stakeholders. Variability of surface water due to climate change should be recognised and addressed. One option is to manage groundwater and strengthen the same. Groundwater recharge programme should be given priority to address variability of surface water due to climate change. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/groundwater-needs-a-recharge/article67245481.ece   (28 Aug. 2023)

URBAN WATER

Govt forms panel to grade products for water efficiency A panel in India has recommended the creation of a National Bureau of Water Use Efficiency to encourage environmentally friendly choices by consumers. The bureau would collect data and conduct water audits to develop star ratings for water-use efficiency, similar to energy efficiency ratings. The bureau would also develop standards for household fixtures and appliances and devise building and plumbing codes for water and sewer lines. The aim is to address the country’s severe water crisis and increase water efficiency by 20% in all sectors. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/appliances-may-be-graded-for-water-efficiency-on-lines-of-star-ratings-for-power-consumption-101693072828075.html  (26 Aug. 2023)

Bengaluru Questions over KC Valley project – Touted as a shining example of India’s ingenuity, KC Valley project transports Bengaluru’s secondary treated wastewater to parched rural neighbourhoods in Kolar district. Scientists and activists are apprehensive of the long-term effect of using treated wastewater, that may carry toxic heavy metals, to recharge groundwater.

While sewage treatment plant data assure all is well, experts say the hasty implementation of the project without necessary prior studies to foolproof it was a myopic move. https://india.mongabay.com/2023/08/should-rural-india-drink-urban-wastewater/  (28 Aug. 2023)

Documentary on drain Using interviews, maps and music, the documentary gives an overview of how K100 turned from a traditional water management system to an open sewer, the challenges faced by civic agencies and architect Naresh Narasimhan’s Mod Foundation that has conceptualised the project, and its status today. Walkways, arched bridges and seating are promised under this BBMP project of nearly Rs 175 crore. It was supposed to open to the public in March 2023 but is running behind schedule. Pending BWSSB works and a hiccup in the payment of contractors are some reasons. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-k100-model-drain-new-documentary-tells-story-so-far-2665521  (30 Aug. 2023)

Deficient rain in August worsens water crisis in outer zones of Bengaluru https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/scarce-rains-worsen-water-crisis-in-outer-zones-of-bengaluru/article67255236.ece  (31 Aug. 2023)

Hyderabad GHMC unearths 1810 era stepwell A stepwell that lay buried for decades is being cleaned up and restored near the Gudimalkapur area by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. It was on World Heritage Day when the Special Chief Secretary of Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority had visited the site and promised to restore the Dharamshala attached to the Jham Singh Temple. However, his attention was drawn to the Nizam-era stepwell as well as the Qutb Shahi-era mile marker in the area. Then the hunt began for the well. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jham-singh-temple-well-being-restored-by-ghmc-in-hyderabad/article67250953.ece  (30 Aug. 2023)

Mumbai Kala Nagar residents allege diversion of supply by BMC Residents of Kala Nagar in Bandra East, Mumbai, are facing a water shortage, forcing them to rely on water tankers. Despite complaints to the BMC, the crisis continues. The residents suspect that water is being diverted to other areas. The issue has been exacerbated by the redevelopment of buildings in Kala Nagar, which has caused a decrease in water pressure. The BMC has acknowledged the issue and said it will be resolved in the next few days. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/water-shortage-in-mumbai-s-kala-nagar-area-worsens-as-bmc-allegedly-diverts-water-to-other-areas-residents-suffer-101693680913927.html  (03 Sept. 2023)

Pune PMC to beautify 5 lakes  The divisional commissioner held a meeting to discuss the PMC plan to develop and beautify 5 lakes which include Jambulwadi, 2 lakes at Katraj, Pashan and one more lake in the city. Also, Vikram Kumar, PMC commissioner, has approved to erect STPs at upper parts of each lake so that sewage water does not directly mix with the lake water. Kumar has even instructed officials to take steps to curb the hyacinth growth in the lakes and tenders have been floated to remove hyacinth.

Recently, tonnes of dead fish were seen floating on the banks of the Jambhulwadi lake. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pmc-to-beautify-five-lakes-in-city-101693595100423.html  (02 Sept. 2023)

Gurugram MCG fined Rs 80L for violating waste rules at Bandhwari site The SPCB has imposed an environmental compensation (EC) of Rs 80 lakh on MCG for non-compliance with norms at the Bandhwari landfill site. The penalty has been imposed mainly for violation of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2016. According to documents the environmental compensation amount has been imposed at a rate of Rs 10 lakh per month for the period from August 2022 to March 2023. The EC was imposed as samples of leachate from ponds outside the Bandhwari landfill were found to contain toxic substances and chemicals much higher than the permissible limits. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/mcg-fined-rs-80l-for-violating-waste-rules-at-bandhwari-site/articleshow/103226731.cms  (31 Aug. 2023)

14 sectors face water shortage Residents of condominiums have experienced a severe lack of water supply over the past few days, leading to heavy reliance on private water tanker suppliers. The Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) has acknowledged the issue and is working on improving supply, but a permanent solution will take at least a year. The water shortage is due to a deficiency in distribution infrastructure and the unavailability of raw water. GMDA is distributing available water in phases to affected areas. The demand for water in the city exceeds the current supply infrastructure. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/residents-of-gurugram-condos-face-severe-water-shortage-forced-to-rely-on-private-tankers-for-supply-101693332359435.html  (29 Aug. 2023)

Delhi 246 hotels in Paharganj extracting groundwater illegally: DPCC Of 296 hotels and guest houses inspected in the Paharganj area, 246 were found to be extracting groundwater illegally, according to a report submitted by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) to the NGT. An application filed before the NGT earlier this year had listed 536 hotels and guest houses in the Paharganj area that were allegedly extracting groundwater illegally. On the orders of the Tribunal, a joint inspection was carried out by representatives of the DPCC, Delhi Jal Board (DJB), and the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) in July and August this year. While 296 out of the 536 listed hotels and guest houses have been inspected so far, the DPCC has said in its report before the NGT that it needs another two months to complete the survey. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hotels-guest-houses-paharganj-extracting-groundwater-illegally-dpcc-8921953/  (03 Aug. 2023)

WATER POLLUTION

Study Powering Pollution The study conducted by Poovulagin Nanbargal and Manthan Adhyayan Kendra in the Neyveli and Parangipettai regions of the Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu between Dec 2022 and July 2023 has shown that the water sources in the area – including drinking and domestic use water, air quality and soil have all been severely affected by fly-ash, coal dust and high concentration of heavy metals in surface and groundwater due to discharge of mine water and effluents from the thermal power plants. This has led to serious health problems for local communities. It has also impacted health of livestock, and resulted in falling yields and quality of agricultural produce, all ultimately impacting livelihoods.

Victims of land acquisition in Neyveli continue to suffer due to many outstanding problems like inadequate or no compensation, multiple displacement, lack of promised jobs, and loss of livelihoods. In Parangipettai, fishing communities are facing loss of access to traditional fishing route and reduction in the quality and quantity of fish, all affecting their incomes and livelihoods. https://www.manthan-india.org/poweringpollution/

Madhya Pradesh 5 workers die while cleaning tank Five workers were killed allegedly due to asphyxiation after coming into contact with poisonous gasses after they entered a tank to clean it at a factory in Morena district on Wednesday (Aug. 30) morning. The deceased included three siblings — residents of Tiktoli village — while the remaining two were residents of Ghuraiya Basai village. The incident took place at the factory situated under Noorabad police station at 10 am. Artificial cherries used in paan were manufactured at the factory. The deceased have been identified as Ramawtar (35), Ram Naresh (40) Veer Singh (30) — all brothers and residents of Tiktoli village — and Ganesh (28) and Girraj (28) — residents of Ghuraiya Basai village. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/5-workers-die-due-to-asphyxiation-while-cleaning-tank-at-mps-morena-factory/articleshow/103206629.cms  (30 Aug. 2023)

JJM/ RURAL WATER SUPPLY

Jammu & Kashmir IAS officer alleges graft in JJM scheme  A senior Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer has alleged irregularities in the procurement of pipes for the flagship Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) scheme, which has a ₹14,000 crore budget in Jammu and Kashmir.

In a detailed complaint to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Ashok Kumar Parmar, a 1992-batch IAS officer, has alleged that pipes which were unsuitable for the hilly and remote areas of Jammu and Kashmir were shortlisted by a committee that directly reports to the Chief Secretary of J&K, flouting all norms. Mr. Parmar was posted as principal secretary of J&K’s Jal Shakti Department between May 4 and August 7, 2022.

In another complaint to the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), Mr. Parmar has alleged that J&K Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha and J&K Chief Secretary Arun Kumar Mehta both harassed, intimidated and threatened him, due to their prejudice and bias against him for being a Scheduled Caste IAS officer. He feared that he may be implicated in false cases, as he had pointed out many financial irregularities and acts of omission and commission in the implementation of JJM in the Union Territory. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jk-ias-officer-alleges-irregularities-in-jal-jeevan-mission/article67248449.ece  (29 Aug. 2023)

WATER

Punjab Beneficiary states should share the burden by Vaisakh Suresh Kumar The states of Haryana and Rajasthan, the beneficiaries of Punjab’s rivers, remarkably escape the flood predicaments. They enjoy the rewards, but Punjab bears the brunt of reduced water share and the flooding consequences. This scenario represents a blend of political manoeuvring and economic inequity, breeding unrest and alienation among the people of Punjab. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/guest-column-punjab-s-water-woes-beneficiary-states-should-share-the-burden-101693473862083.html  (31 Aug. 2023)

AGRICULTURE

SC to hear all parties on GM mustard case -As the Centre made an impassioned plea for environment release of genetically modified (GM) mustard seed saying it is very essential for food security of the country, the Supreme Court on Tuesday (Aug. 29) said protection to environment and ecology is also important. It adjourned to September 26 the hearing of the Centre’s plea seeking withdrawal of an oral undertaking about not pressing ahead with commercial cultivation of GM-mustard. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ecology-protection-vital-too-supreme-court-on-govts-gm-mustard-push/articleshow/103185777.cms  (30 Aug. 2023)

MONSOON 2023

SANDRP Blog June Aug 2023: District wise rainfall in India’s SW Monsoon In the just concluded month of Aug 2023, India received just 162.7 mm (263.8 mm in Aug 2022, 3.5% above the normal or 36.2% below normal rainfall against Aug normal rainfall of 254.9 mm as per India Meteorological department (IMD). In Aug 2021, the rainfall was 195.9 mm, about 24.13% below normal and in Aug 2020, the rainfall was 327 mm, or about 26.6% above normal.

June July Aug 2023 SW Monsoon rainfall across India was 629.7 mm, 10.13% below normal rainfall of 700.7 mm. June July 2023 SW Monsoon rainfall across India was 467 mm, 4.8% above normal rainfall for this period of 445.8 mm. Even the distribution of rainfall has been far from normal in Aug 2023. June 2023 had ended with 10.1% deficit in rainfall while July 2023 had ended with 13.5% surplus rainfall. June 2023 had 451 high rainfall days, while July 2023 had 855 high rainfall days. https://sandrp.in/2023/09/01/june-aug-2023-district-wise-rainfall-in-in-indias-sw-monsoon/  (01 Sept. 2023)

IMD High Rainfall districts for 24 hrs ending at 0830 hrs on Sep 3, 2023: 50-100 mm: S Andaman (UT), Cuttack (Odisha), Dr BR Ambedkar Konaseema, Palnadu (AP), NagarKurnool, Wanaparthy (Tel), Tirupati, YSR Dist (Rayalseema) [8]

100-150 mm: N & Middle Andaman (UT) [1]

High Rainfall districts for 24 hrs ending at 0830 hrs on Sep 2, 2023: 50-100 mm: N & Middle Andaman (UT), Serchhip (Mizoram), Pattanamitta (Kerala) [3]

100-150 mm: S Andaman (UT) [1]

High Rainfall districts for 24 hrs ending at 0830 hrs on Sep 1, 2023: 50-100 mm: Kolkata (WB), Bangalore Urban (Karnataka) [2]

High Rainfall districts for 24 hrs ending at 0830 hrs on Aug 31, 2023: 50-100 mm: Puducherry (Puduchery) [1]

High Rainfall districts for 24 hrs ending at 0830 hrs on Aug 30, 2023: 50-100 mm: W Garo Hills (Meghalaya), Alapuzha (Kerala) [2]

250-300 mm: N & Middle Andaman (UT) []

High Rainfall districts for 24 hrs ending at 0830 hrs on Aug 29, 2023: 50-100 mm: S Andaman (UT), Chirang (Assam), S Sikkim (Sikkim) []

250-300 mm: N & Middle Andaman (UT) []

High Rainfall districts for 24 hrs ending at 0830 hrs on Aug 28, 2023: 50-100 mm: Lohit, Lower Dibang Valley, Papum Pare, Upper Siang, Uooer Subansiri (Arunachal), Baksa, Karimganj, Udalgiri (Assam), E Garo Hills, E Khasi Hills, SW Khasi Hills (Meghalaya), Jalpaiguri (WB) [12]

150-200 mm: Barpets, Nalbari (Assam), E Jaintia Hills (Meghalaya) [3]

Source: IMD’s daily district wise rainfall page.

Driest August This August was the driest and warmest month, with the highest number of dry spell days, in the recorded history of the IMD since 1901.The rainfall deficit during August 2023 was so huge that even the normal rainfall forecasted for September cannot fill the gap. The deficit drags the Indian monsoon to the below normal mark this year, and will affect agriculture and the inflation-marred consumers in the country.   https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/sep/01/record-august-rain-deficit-to-hit-crops-2610590.html  (01 Sept. 2023)

September’s precipitation will be crucial for the trajectory of food inflation. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/rain-isnt-main-dry-august-is-worrisome-but-monsoons-impact-on-crop-output-is-waning-climate-shocks-are-the-danger/  (31 Aug. 2023)

Rishikesh Wettest city For most of August 2023, Rishikesh held the record as the wettest town in the country. Between August 1 and August 25 the town received 1,901 millimetres of rainfall, according to Vineet Kumar Singh, a research scientist at the Typhoon Research Centre of Jeju National University in South Korea.

During the same period, the two wettest places in India and the world, Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, received 1,876.3 mm and 1,464 mm rainfall respectively. In the past three days, however, Cherrapunji has regained the top spot with 332 mm of rainfall, Singh added. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/not-cherrapunji-or-mawsynram-rishikesh-was-india-s-wettest-town-for-most-of-august-2023-91415  (29 Aug. 2023)

Gurugram August rains see 60% deficit According to data by the IMD, the city received 69.5mm rainfall between August 1 and 31 against the normal level calculated at 185mm, a deficit of 62%. This was the second year in a row that the month ended with a deficit as large. August last year also saw rainfall levels scarcer by almost 64%, with the city recording 61.2mm of rainfall against the normal of 168.4mm.

Data between 1901 and 2023 shows that Haryana received the highest rainfall (404.6mm) in August of 1995. The lowest for the month was recorded in 1905, when the state received 23.2mm rainfall.

Delhi This August was the hottest in the Delhi in the last nine years with the mean maximum temperature a scorching 35.4 degrees Celsius, which is 1.2 degrees higher than the normal. With rain mostly eluding the city, August was also the second driest in at least 14 years. Delhi recorded just 91.8mm rainfall as against a normal of 233.1mm. In August 2020 and 2021, Safdarjung logged 214.5 and 237mm of rainfall, respectively. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rain-surplus-for-5-months-august-sees-60-deficit/articleshow/103260887.cms  (01 Sept. 2023)

Jammu and Kashmir faced a substantial rainfall deficit of 29 per cent during the month of August. Instead of the average rainfall of 184.9 mm, the UT received just 131.1 mm. Most of this precipitation occurred in the Jammu region only, while the Kashmir Valley experienced a significant rainfall shortage. https://www.outlookindia.com/national/monsoon-blues-rainfall-deficit-takes-over-in-jammu-and-kashmir-news-315136  (02 Sept. 2023)

Karnataka Monsoon weak The state has recorded a rainfall deficit of 21%. The deficit in its Cauvery catchment area is 35%. Officials from the IMD told The New Indian Express that the situation — rise in temperatures and dry spells — will continue till September 8, after which the state may receive above-normal rainfall for a fortnight.

As per IMD records, the normal rainfall for September (the last month of south-west monsoon) is 16cm for Karnataka. The normal rainfall for August is 21.7cm. However, the state received 5.2cm till August 29, 2023. A senior IMD official said the south-west monsoon has moved to the foothills of Himalayas. Hence, the monsoon is weak in most parts of south India. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/aug/30/rain-only-after-september-8-monsoon-weak-in-most-of-south-india-imd-2609842.html  (30 Aug. 2023)

A weak monsoon over the State has left the people of Karnataka staring at the sky for most of August. From crop loss to the Cauvery issue, the problems triggered by scanty rains galore.  https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-weak-south-west-monsoon-paints-a-cloudy-picture-for-karnataka/article67251138.ece  (31 Aug. 2023)

Karnataka risks losing crops as 61% of tanks have less than 50% water. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/state-risks-losing-crops-as-61-of-tanks-have-less-than-50-water-2668513  (01 Sept. 2023)

FLOOD 2023

Bihar: -सहरसा के नवहट्टा कोसी पूर्वी तटबंध के स्पर 77.74 पानी का दबाव बढ़ने से टूट कर बह गया. इसमें कई लोगों का घर तेज बहाव में बह गया. जहां जल संसाधन विभाग के अधिकारी जुटे थे. राहत बचाव में लगे थे, लेकिन जलस्तर का दबाव बढ़ने से स्पर टूट गया.

-मुजफ्फरपुर में कटरा प्रखंड के बकुची स्थित बागमती नदी के जलस्तर में वृद्धि के कारण बकुची में जमींदारी बांध करीब सौ फुट मेंटूट गया. इससे बकुची, पतारी, नवादा, गंगेया के सैकड़ों घरों में बाढ़ का पानी फैल गया है. बकुची के लोगों ने कहा कि जलस्तर में वृद्धि जारी है. घरों में पानी घुस जानेके कारण लोग ऊंचे स्थान की ओर पलायन करने लगे हैं. जलस्तर में दूसरे दिन भी वृद्धि के कारण प्रखंड के उत्तरी हिस्से के 14 पंचायतों का प्रखंड मुख्यालय से सड़क संपर्क भंग रहा. https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/saharsa/bihar-flood-update-today-as-jamindari-bandh-in-muzaffarpur-and-kosi-in-saharsa-broken-skt  (27 Aug. 2023)

-सुपौल जिले में कोसी, तिलयुगा, बिहुल समेत कई नदियों के जलस्तर में भारी बढ़ोतरी हुई है। कोसी तटबंध के भीतर 6000 से अधिक घरों में बाढ़ का पानी घुसा हुआ है। जिले के मारो, निर्मली, किशनपुर, सरायगढ़ भापतिया, सुपौल सदर प्रखंड इलाकों में बाढ़ का पानी भर गया है। जिसके कारण लोगों को काफी परेशानी हो रही है। पानी भरने के बाद भी लोग अपने घरों में रहने को मजबूर हैं। https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/many-rivers-of-bihar-including-kosi-gandak-are-in-spate-131747412.html  (28 Aug. 2023)

-अचानक कोसी नदी के जलस्तर में बढ़ोतरी के साथ ही बराज के सभी 56 फाटक को खोल दिया गया है। इससे पूर्व इस साल 13 अगस्त की रात को चार लाख 62 हजार 345 क्यूसेक वाटर डिस्चार्ज के साथ सभी फाटक खोल दिया गया था। इसी साल 13 अगस्त की रात कोसी बराज से पानी का डिस्चार्ज 4 लाख 62 हजार 345 क्यूसेक पर जा पहुंचा था। जो पिछले 34 वर्षों का सबसे ज्यादा बैराज से वाटर डिस्चार्ज था। उस समय भी रात में बराज के सभी 56 फाटक खोल दिए गए थे। इससे पहले 1989 में 19 सितंबर को कोसी बराज से 4 लाख 72 हजार 913 क्यूसेक पानी डिस्चार्ज को रिकॉर्ड किया गया था। प्राप्त जानकारी के अनुसार 5 अगस्त, 1968 को कोसी बराज से वाटर डिस्चार्ज 7 लाख 88 हजार 200 क्यूसेक रिकॉर्ड किया गया था। उसी दिन 5 अगस्त 1968 को कोसी बराह क्षेत्र से वाटर डिस्चार्ज 9 लाख 13 हजार क्यूसेक रिकॉर्ड किया गया था। https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-latest-news-bihar-samachar-nitish-kumar-news-update-bihar-crime-news-bihar-politics-bihar-politics-update-tejashwi-yadav-news/articleshow/103072869.cms   (26 Aug. 2023)

Punjab Man Made Floods -However, in the rush for unchecked urbanization, natural drainage systems and low-lying areas that were meant to accommodate rainwater were commandeered by profit-driven developers. Housing complexes and residences have mushroomed in Kharar located near Chandigarh as also in the other satellite colonies that have mushroomed in Punjab.

-Given the dense urban population, the sewage infrastructure becomes overwhelmed during heavy rainfall. Furthermore, indiscriminate construction disrupts the natural flow patterns, exacerbating the problem. While sparse monsoons may have led developers to believe it’s acceptable to build over these drainage systems, heavy rains expose the fragility of the entire system.

-Remarkably, the Department of Water Resources lacks a comprehensive count of these water bodies. Following the floods, a swift survey by the department indicated the existence of 66 “choes” (water bodies in the Kandi area). Unfortunately, the total count of man-made drains remains unavailable, though counting efforts are ongoing. The department has identified around 65 encroachments on water bodies and choes.

-Noteworthy instances include Patiala Nadi in Patiala City, Kasur Nullah in Amritsar, and Budha Nullah in Ludhiana. Faced with limited data, the department plans to employ Geo Reference System (GRS) technology to pinpoint blocked drains and water channels. This transition is expected to take a few months. The department aims to identify problem areas and formulate policies accordingly.

-Encroachments on local drainage systems also contribute to village flooding. Village ponds, which historically help mitigate flood impact, have been illegally taken over. In 2020, the High Court directed the state government to clear these ponds of encroachments. The court set a six-month deadline for removal and mandated the government to restore, repair, renovate, and rejuvenate all village ponds.

-Additionally, orders were given to upgrade the revenue records pertaining to these ponds. The High Court observed that encroachers typically filled the ponds with soil before encroaching and constructing over them. In 2021, lawyer activist HC Arora had moved the Punjab and Haryana High Court against failure to maintain village ponds in Punjab. He had stated that there were 15,000 ponds in Punjab out of which only 11,000 ponds remain while others have been encroached upon. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/man-made-floods-punjab-choes-encroached-water-bodies-drains-8911299/  (27 Aug. 2023)

Importance of floodplain zoning Well maintained flood plains, free from wanton construction and concrete, are natural defence against flooding farther inland. They are also useful for recharging groundwater levels and maintaining the water table. Identifying flood plains is thus crucial. Zoning of flood plains is done to regulate land use. Zoning involves demarcating areas around rivers likely to be affected by floods of different magnitudes and frequencies, in order to specify the types of permissible developments there. This is done so that whenever floods do actually occur, the damage is minimal.

-In Punjab, environmental activists and NGOs have been demanding flood plain zoning, but to little avail as of yet. According to the NGT, there should be no construction within 500 m area from the central lining of a river. However, despite NGT’s directions to the Government of Punjab, the state is yet to carry out flood plain zoning. The NGT even sent directions to the state’s chief secretary to personally monitor progress of zoning and ensure compliance of its directions. Lack of zoning has been bad for both people and the floodplains. Encroachment and mismanagement of flood plains leading to non-suitable construction activity and concretization of flood plains.

-This is a countrywide problem. In fact, despite the Centre’s directions, so far only four states – Manipur, the erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand – have adopted the act on paper. However, the implementation of the plans has been underwhelming in these states with no delineation and demarcation of flood plains undertaken even by them. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-zoning-of-flood-plains-is-important-8913109/  (29 Aug. 2023)

Govt plans 6 small dams to control Ghaggar flooding -Punjab drainage department has proposed construction of around six small dams at various locations, mostly within Haryana. Punjab, which will bear the construction costs, will also get the benefits of these dams. A senior officer from the Water Resources department said, “We are proposing small dams at six locations, starting from the Tangri river, which flows into Ghaggar, till the gurdwara in Makror Sahib in Sangrur and other locations.”

-“Besides the construction of dams, improper cleaning of its drains, tributaries, the river itself hinders its flow,” sources from the drainage department said. Officials from the department added that installing proper dams along the entire river and constructing ring bunds in the villages that face flooding due to Ghaggar would help reduce losses. Widening of the river at various points is also necessary, they added. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-proposes-6-small-dams-to-control-flooding-caused-by-ghaggar-8877640/  (05 Aug. 2023)

Canalization of rivers When dams here are filled to capacity and water is released, Punjab is at risk of downstream flooding even without heavy local rainfall. The second flood, beginning August 15, saw minimal local rain. Instead, incessant rainfall in Himachal filled the Bhakra Nangal and Pong dams to capacity, forcing the release of heavy water downstream into Punjab. Experts suggest effective regulation of rivers and water sources is required here and canalisation can be one method of achieving this.

Canalisation involves regulating or diverting the flow of water from a water source, such as a river. This can include directing river water into specific channels, utilising mini dams for regulation, establishing interconnections between canal systems and rivers, and fortifying earthen embankments in times of need.  https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-floods-canalisation-rivers-8897891/   (18 Aug. 2023)

Erosion in guide bundh creates panic in Sultanpur Lodhi village There was widespread alarm in Rajewal village of Sultanpur Lodhi when an erosion occurred at the guide bundh, situated opposite the Flood Protection Embankment (FPE) RD 67000-68000. The crucial guide bundh acts as a link between the Atma Singh advance bundh at RD 45250 and the Goindwal-Taran Tarn highway.

Fearful of potential water ingress, distressed residents hurriedly packed their belongings and began moving their furniture to safer locations. However, responding to the situation, the Sultanpur Lodhi administration, in collaboration with employees from the Drainage Department, promptly reached the site. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/erosion-in-guide-bundh-creates-panic-in-sultanpur-lodhi-village-539919  (31 Aug. 2023)

The image shared by Nasa highlights the flooding around the Sutlej River near Firozpur in the Punjab region of India. “The image on the right shows water overtopping banks of the river on August 19. The image on the left shows the same region on June 16, before much of the flooding took place. Both images were acquired with the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9,” as per Nasa. https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/nasa-shares-before-and-after-image-of-sutlej-river-flooding-101693390811115.html  (30 Aug. 2023)

Himachal Pradesh With the weather remaining dry, the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) begun construction of a causeway parallel to the damaged Balad bridge last evening. It was likely to be completed in the next 10 to 12 days. This would help restore connectivity of Baddi to Pinjore and its surrounding areas. The causeway is a track on the upper point of an embankment across a low, or wet place or a stretch of river. The mechanical wing of the state Public Works Department (PWD), which had inspected the Balad bridge along with the NHAI officials, is also examining the possibility of setting up a Bailey bridge. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/efforts-to-restore-connectivity-with-baddi-on-causeway-work-begins-539576  (30 Aug. 2023)

Call to urgently build resistance against mega projects Sounding alarm over the recent devastating disasters that have wreaked havoc in Himachal Pradesh, civil rights group Himalaya Niti Abhiyan (HNA) at a review meeting in Kullu has expressed concern over the calamitous situation prevailing in the Beas River Basin and downstream. The meeting drew on extensive experience by activists in the Himalayan region. https://www.counterview.net/2023/07/call-to-urgently-build-resistance.html  (22 July 2023)

Uttarakhand आपदा से हुआ 1335 करोड़ रुपये का नुकसान उत्तराखंड में अब तक आकलन के अनुसार आपदा से 1,335 करोड़ रुपए का भारी नुकसान हुआ है. इसकी क्षतिपूर्ति के दृष्टिगत राज्य आपदा मोचन निधि से 223 करोड़ रुपए की व्यवस्था की जा चुकी है लेकिन शेष 1000 करोड़ रुपए से अधिक की सहायता के लिए राज्य सरकार केंद्र को प्रस्ताव भेज रही है.

 सबसे अधिक नुकसान हरिद्वार जिले में हुआ है. इसको लेकर आंकड़े सामने आ रहे हैं. 652 करोड़ का नुकसान केवल हरिद्वार जिले में हुआ है, एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार आपदा के कारण उत्तराखंड के प्रमुख विभाग में लोकनिर्माण विभाग को 364.24 करोड़, गन्ना विभाग को 464.49 करोड़, प्रधानमंत्री ग्रामीण सड़क योजना को 132.42 करोड़, सिंचाई विभाग को 76.42 करोड़, राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग विभाग को 52.85 करोड़, पंचायती राज विभाग को 44.49 करोड़, पारेषण  निगम को 39.53 करोड़, शहरी विकास विभाग को 23.43 करोड़, वन विभाग को 20.41 करोड़, ग्राम्य विकास विभाग को 18.28 करोड़, कृषि विभाग को 13.91 करोड़, ऊर्जा निगम विभाग को 28.71 करोड़ और पेयजल विभाग को 10.96 करोड़ का नुकसान पहुंचा है. https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-disaster-1335-crore-loss-cm-pushkar-singh-dhami-sought-help-from-modi-government-ann-2486705  (03 Sept. 2023)

Parts of Karnaprayag-Gwaldam NH washed away Amid heavy rains in Chamoli district in Uttarakhand, parts of the Karnaprayag-Gwaldam National Highway got washed away by the Pindar River, which is in spate, officials said on Saturday (Aug. 19). Commuters on the route have been left stranded route. Due to the flow of the river, the soil of the lower parts of the road is continuously being eroded. According to Chamoli district administration, efforts are on to clear the debris and reopen the road. https://www.dtnext.in/news/national/uttarakhand-parts-of-karnaprayag-gwaldam-national-highway-washed-away-730932   (19 Aug. 2023)

आधिकारिक सूत्रों ने बताया कि गुरुवार (Aug. 24) को रात भर हुई बारिश के कारण पिंडर नदी की सहायक धारा प्राणमति में 13 अगस्त जैसे बाढ़ के हालात फिर बन गए हैं. नदी में आई इस ताजी बाढ़ से पिंडर के दोनों तटों के आसपास के खेत भी मलबे से पट गए हैं. इससे पहले 13 अगस्त की बाढ़ के बाद नदी तट के आसपास के मकानों को खतरे के मद्देनजर खाली कराया गया था. उन्होंने बताया कि सोल घाटी से प्रवाहित होने वाली प्राणमति नदी में बीती देर रात पानी और मलबे का वेग इतना बढ़ गया था कि इसने कुछ देर के लिए पिंडर नदी के बहाव को भी रोक दिया. उन्होंने बताया कि प्राणमति और पिंडर के संगम पर कुछ देर के लिए झील जैसे हालात उत्पन्न हो गए. https://jantaserishta.com/local/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-parts-of-karnaprayag-gwaldam-highway-washed-away-in-pindar-river-many-people-stranded-on-the-road-2753957   (27 Aug. 2023)

HFL BREACH

Bihar River Bagmati at Benibad level forecast site in Muzaffarpur district has been flowing in severe flood situation and just 0.09 short of its HFL 50.01 meter dated 12.07.2004.

URBAN FLOODS

Gurugram Bundh to prevent waterlogging The drain, which passes near Dharmpur village, is called Leg 2 drain and it starts from Huda City Centre, passes through Sector 27/28, MDI Chowk, Atul Kataria Chowk/ Sheetla Mata Road, Sector 5, New Palam Vihar, Northern Peripheral Road, Daulatabad, Dharmpur and finally joins with Najafgarh drain. Almost 20km of this drain has been constructed and a 550 metre stretch of this drain is pending near the village. Once that bit is constructed, it will likely end the waterlogging in the area, said officials.

The construction of this stretch is part of ₹400 crore project planned to prevent waterlogging on the Gurugram side of the entire Najafgarh drain. Around 3,500 acres were waterlogged in the villages of Gurugram this monsoon and sewage water often spills over to the fertile land, corrupting the soil and crops. The authority further said in the second phase, the department will construct 3,450 metres of Leg 3 drain in two stages. In the first stage, 2,220 metres of the drain will be made functional and another 1,320 metres will be made functional in the second stage at a total cost of ₹162 crore.

Gurugram has three major drains called Leg 1, Leg 2 and Leg 3 (also called Badshahpur drain). The Leg 1 starts from Nathupur, and passes through DLF Phase 3, Udyog Vihar, Sector 23, Rotary Public School Rezangla Chowk, New Palam Vihar, railway track crossing, Bajghera, and finally joins the Najafgarh drain. To connect Leg 2 drain with Najafgarh drain, the authority will construct the pending section of 550 metres, officials said. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/gmda-to-construct-drain-section-to-prevent-waterlogging-in-dharmpur-village-and-condominiums-near-najafgarh-drain-101693417331241.html  (30 Aug. 2023)

Authorities have started mapping out natural drains in the city, after which they will clear encroachments and any illegal construction that blocks the passage to allow rainwater to flow through this network. Officials said the intention is to ensure that the city doesn’t get waterlogged after every bout of rainfall. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/mapping-of-natural-drains-kicks-off-in-city-likely-to-be-completed-by-yr-end/articleshow/103336829.cms  (04 Sept. 2023)

Pune Sewage floods Gharkul homes for 8th yr After heavy rain lashed Pimpri-Chinchwad on Saturday (Sept. 02), as many as 16 buildings, each housing 42 flats, in Gharkul project of Chikhli area, were submerged in three-foot deep sewage water. Till Sunday (Sept. 03) afternoon, residents and civic employees were still busy clearing the mess. The PCMC administration, which has come under sharp criticism from Gharkul residents, said the issue will be resolved soon. The 158 buildings of Gharkul project house 30,000 residents and were built by Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation under JNNURM 10 years ago. The project was meant for economically weaker sections of the society and low-income groups.

Speaking to The Indian Express, residents said for the first couple of years, there was no such problem. “For the last 8 years, drain water has been flooding the buildings, especially during heavy rain. The nullah that starts from the civic STP located upstream overflows if there is a malfunction in the system. And it happens when the power supply snaps. This leads to drainage lines in the Gharkul project overflowing and flooding the place with sewage water,” Sudhakar Dhuri, chairman, Federation of Gharkul, told The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sewage-water-floods-gharkul-homes-for-the-8th-yr-pcmc-promises-action-8923006/  (04 Sept. 2023)

Opinion Our cities need to adapt to prevent urban flooding The floods in Gurugram and Bengaluru are examples of planning failures. The severe disruption of natural drainage systems and construction over water channels add to the woes by Sandeep Chachra Tikender Singh Panwar. https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/floods-urban-flooding-bengaluru-gurugram-planning-climate-change-2671875  (04 Sept. 2023)

CLOUD BURSTS

Himachal Pradesh News Laundry spoke to villagers in Gadsa valley, nearly 60 kilometres from Kullu. “There have been incidents of cloudbursts here and 50 to 60 houses have suffered heavy damage. People have nothing left; never seen such heavy rain before,” said Shyam Sundar, the deputy head of the village, adding that tree-felling and illegal mining had a role to play in the calamity. https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/08/29/in-himachals-gadsa-valley-villagers-point-to-impact-of-mining-felling-of-trees  (29 Aug. 2023)

LANDSLIDES

Maharashtra -This detailed also highlight the little known and discussed causes of increasing landslides in Western Ghats. https://scroll.in/article/1055057/maharashtra-cant-stop-landslides-but-can-it-prevent-loss-of-life  (30 Aug. 2023)

Himachal Pradesh Dr. Gurinder Kaur: The major causes of destruction in Himachal Pradesh are four-lane roads, hydro-power projects, deforestation, cable car projects, multi-story buildings, etc. The state is nestled in the lap of the Himalayan mountains. It is important to get the opinion of geologists, environmental experts, and local people before any development project is undertaken here. https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/how-can-himachal-pradesh-be-protected-natural-disasters  (29 Aug. 2023)

Interview of Dr ON Bhargava on landslide issue in Himachal Pradesh. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dr-on-bhargava-citizens-need-to-be-aware-too-all-blame-cannot-be-put-on-hp-govt-8917017/  (31 Aug. 2023)

Are natural disasters man-made? Vimal Mishra and Lubaina Rangwalla discuss the question in a conversation moderated by Jacob Koshy. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/are-natural-disasters-man-made/article67255463.ece  (01 Sept. 2023)

According to this report, HP has so far faced 161 significant landslides since the beginning of 2023 SW Monsoon, these lead to death of 110 people, 51 of them in Shimla dist and 30 of them in Shimla city. The landslides will be documented and studied by the state disaster management agency. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/gsi-iit-teams-to-investigate-reasons-behind-landslides-in-himachal-539537   (30 Aug. 2023)

भौगोलिक व भूगर्भीय कारणों से हिमाचल आपदा की दृष्टि से कितना संवेदनशील है, इसे लेकर कई अध्ययन हुए, कई रिपोर्टें तैयार होती रहीं, लेकिन इन्हें रद्दी बनाया जाता रहा। विभिन्न एजेंसियों के विशेषज्ञों ने सरकारों को रिपोर्टें सौंप हरित पट्टी में निर्माण पर प्रतिबंध का सुझाव दिया। पर आपदा के लिहाज से असुरक्षित करार दिए गए क्षेत्रों में धड़ल्ले से निर्माण जारी रहा। https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/himachal-disaster-experts-reports-became-junk-the-danger-is-still-bigger-2023-08-28  (29 Aug. 2023)

प्रदेश में 24 जून से लेकर अब तक 161 लैंडस्लाइड हुए हैं. मानसून सीजन में सड़क दुर्घटनाओं में 130 लोगों की जान गई है. प्रदेश में 382 लोगों की मौत हुई है. विभिन्न हादसों में 361 लोग घायल हुए हैं. दुखद तथ्य ये हैकि  राज्य में 2476 मकान पूरी तरह से ध्वस्त हो गए हैं. इसके अलावा 10701 मकान आंशिक रूप से क्षतिग्रस्त हुए हैं. इसके तबाही का अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है. राज्य में 355 दुकानें और 5552 गोशालाएं तबाह हो गई हैं. . दो माह से अधिक की इस अवधि मेंप्रदेश को करीब 8649 करोड़ रुपए सेज्यादा का नुकसान हो चुका है. येपिछलेपांच साल की अवधि में हुए कुल नुकसान सेभी दो हजार करोड़ रुपए अधिक ह https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/himachal-pradesh/state/shimla/himachal-disaster-update-himachal-floods-himachal-pradesh-landslide-himachal-rains-himachal-monsoon/hp20230830070804981981594  (30 Aug. 2023)

As many as 112 roads, including NH 305, were blocked in Himachal due to rainfall on Sunday (Sept. 03), according to the State Emergency Operation Centre. Apart from casualties, the disaster management said that the monetary loss is expected to reach nearly ₹ 12,000 crore. Meanwhile, out of the total deaths as per data available with the state disaster management authority, 136 people have lost their lives due to landslides and flash floods. A total of 231 people have lost their lives due to road accidents or other reasons, the government added. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/himachal-pradesh-rainfall-112-roads-including-national-highway-blocked-due-to-rain-in-himachal-4354954  (03 Sept. 2023)

Himachal tourism industry suffers Rs 2,000 crore loss in July-August.  https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/rain-fury-himachal-tourism-industry-suffers-rs-2-000-crore-loss-in-july-august-hoteliers-offer-discounts-to-increase-footfall-540960  (03 Aug. 2023)

Himachal Pradesh: -Incidentally, not one of Himachal’s iconic structures has suffered any damage. It’s not just the old palaces or temples that have remained unscathed in this dystopian nightmare, even simple pastoral dwellings are relatively undamaged. It is an opportune time to analyse why the age-old vernacular architecture of the hills — created out of local materials with simple, sustainable building techniques — endures. The purpose, of course, is not to romanticise the quaint and the organic as the only paradigm of development.

-Vernacular architecture is “spontaneous, uncultivated, anonymous, indigenous and popular”. It is a built environment that is based on local needs; defined by the availability of materials indigenous to the particular region; and it reflects local traditions and cultural practices. Vernacular architecture grows organically from the terrain, and blends with the surroundings seamlessly. The mason’s knowledge of the terrain, natural resources and climate play a vital role in the longevity of these traditional structures.

-The hills are not nature’s sink where garbage and debris can be strewn, choking the water runoff. The denuded hills are an invitation to landslides and cutting/filling them for roads and buildings is a precarious task, where all laid-down protocols must be adhered to. On paper, most town planning rules are in place in Himachal. On ground, it’s just the reverse. The time for such criminal negligence is over. Heed the message from the mountains or perish.

-Ideally, the focus of tourism should shift from luxury resorts to encouraging smaller, cosy homestays for a more authentic experience, and load the mountains less. More of such innovative initiatives will need to be evolved urgently. The Supreme Court’s order to assess the Himalayan region’s carrying capacity comes not a day too late. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/built-to-last-the-devastation-in-himachal-has-brought-the-focus-back-on-traditional-architecture-538618  (27 Aug. 2023)

Shimla Man made factors for damages The torrential rains between August 13 to 16, which surpassed a 100-year-old record—almost beyond living memories of old Shimla natives, have raised red flags on structural safety of unscientific constructions, which are not only of inferior quality but raised haphazardly blocking natural drainage and hill topography. Whatever is happening in Shimla is not sudden or unanticipated. The geo-environmental experts, architect planners and scientists say their concerns were repeatedly ignored and overlooked. The current phase of disasters can’t be dismissed as a result of climate change. There are physical factors and man-induced reasons. https://www.outlookindia.com/national/not-climate-change-man-made-factors-what-caused-shimla-s-disaster-news-314058  (29 Aug. 2023)

Uttarakhand It is a difficult concept to operationalise and apply to human and social systems: BK Joshi. https://thewire.in/environment/uttarakhand-carrying-capacities-hill-towns-char-dham  (31 Aug. 2023)

DROUGHT 2023

Drought update: Based on the last 3 month rainfall. Red/yellow colors show the districts that are under drought. (Vimal Mishra)  https://indiadroughtmonitor.in/#/standardized-precipitation-index

Report Can India forecast drought in the long-term? The most dreaded impact of a seasonal failure in monsoon is the drought that directly affects agriculture on which the majority of people depend for survival. But, drought forecasting in India has not evolved to a level that can early warn people so that they can prepare to mitigate or adapt. Declaration of drought is an official, post-seasonal activity based on a defined level of rainfall. However, drought evolves as the monsoon season progresses and each of its four months — June, July, August and September — has a bearing on whether a year will be a drought, particularly the one that impacts agriculture.

Besides, each month’s rainfall progress leads to certain type of weather and hydrological and agricultural crisis. For instance, the low rainfall in August — that contributes around 22 per cent of total seasonal rainfall — can lead to higher use of reservoir storage accumulated during June-July and also more extraction of groundwater. This will also ultimately impacts food production.  If considered as a unit, the country is already in a hydrological drought situation and inching towards an agricultural one. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/monsoon-2023-can-india-forecast-drought-in-the-long-term–91484  (01 Sept. 2023)

Gujarat 90% rain deficit in August The state has recorded 90 per cent rainfall deficit in August —the highest in the last 15 years —with 10 districts reporting a deficit of more than 20 per cent, including the water-rich ones like Narmada, Panchmahal, Dang and Tapi, according to the IMD.

While the state government had announced that it will supply two extra hours of electricity to the farmers of 14 districts on August 29, it extended the same to the remaining districts on Thursday (Aug. 31). Between September 2 and 5, farmers across the state will start receiving 10 hours of power supply to help save their standing Kharif crop. On August 29, the government had also decided to release water from all dams that had more than 80 per cent stock to save the Kharif crops that had been sowed in the beginning of August.

The deficit in August has cumulatively led to 10 of the 33 districts – nearly 30 per cent – of the state to witness a deficit in the Southwest monsoon season. These districts have witnessed a dip of 20 per cent or more from the normal rainfall usually received. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/90-rain-deficit-in-august-all-gujarat-farmers-to-get-2-extra-hours-of-electricity-for-irrigation-8918586/  (01 Sept. 2023)

Tamil Nadu Kuruvai in trouble, farmers await govt’s word on samba Even as several farmers’ associations have started claiming that kuruvai paddy in about one lakh acres has been hit due to lack of water for irrigation in delta districts, they have also started requesting the state government to spell out its stance on the forthcoming samba season. “We are earnestly waiting to see if the state would announce a special package for samba which is TN’s main paddy crop,” farmers said. Sources, however, said the state government is yet to assess the crop damage as there are reports that kuruvai crops have been revived through alternative irrigation sources in most areas. The crop damage situation would become clear only after a few weeks, officials said. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/aug/31/kuruvai-in-trouble-farmers-await-tn-govts-word-on-samba-2610213.html  (31 Aug. 2023)

Karnataka Crops at risk as erratic power supply hits irrigation in Karnataka Farmers in several districts of the state are struggling to save their crops due to intermittent power supply that has hit irrigation. Most of the 44,000 water pump sets in the state are able to irrigate crops only partially for this reason. Set in the context of a 60 per cent rainfall deficit in the state, farmers say that these interruptions could lead to large-scale crop failure, affecting food security in the near future.  Already, 113 taluks in 29 districts are facing severe moisture stress according to the revenue department. Reduced functioning of irrigation facilities, particularly when a significant proportion of farmers are dependent on borewells, is a cause for serious concern. According to the state economic survey, among all irrigation sources, borewells account for the highest proportion (43.99 per cent) of the net irrigated area. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/crops-at-risk-as-erratic-power-supply-hits-irrigation-in-karnataka-2666951   (31 Aug. 2023)

Odisha Indravati deficit puts Odisha’s Kalahandi farmers in dry spot  The shortage of rainfall in the ayacut areas under the Indravati canal system has created a worrying scenario for farmers of the district for the current kharif and upcoming rabi season. This year, the Indravati reservoir has recorded a rainfall of 843 mm till August 31 as against 1,628 mm rainfall on the same date last year. The reservoir is filled up to a capacity of 30.12 per cent this year against 87.58 pc in the corresponding period last year.

The reservoir has a capacity to store 1,48,550 hectare metre water. However, water level at present is just 44,751 hectare metre as against last year’s record of 1,30,113 hectare metre. Chief construction engineer of Indravati project Anil Kumar Panigrahi said the deficit rainfall in catchment areas has put them in a spot. “To meet the irrigation target for the kharif season, we have decided to supply water in rotation mode. However, we need the support of the farmers for the management of water,” he added. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/sep/02/indravati-deficit-puts-odishas-kalahandi-farmers-in-dry-spot-2610925.html  (02 Sept. 2023)

SOUTH ASIA

Nepal Melamchi threats not over yet -Researchers are still investigating the causes of the devastating flood and the contribution of different factors but most research offers the view that the massive disaster was the result of a series of compounding events. A study by ICIMOD in 2021 on the Melamchi Flood Disaster attributes its cause to multiple processes along the Melamchi River including massive 21 million metric tonnes of debris dumped in the upper part of the Melamchi River; of this, four million metric tonnes trickled down during the flood which means that the remaining is lodged in the upper part of the mountain region around Bhemathang. Therefore, the danger is not over yet. The ICIMOD study too says so.

-Ranjan Kumar Dahal, a leading geologist and climate researcher who studies Melamchi area, confirmed that around 15-metre-high debris has piled up at the Melamchi Water Supply Project site and the clean-up work could cost Rs 300-350 million. “The floods damaged the roads and bridges to the project site and washed away the campsite and construction materials,” said Dahal.

Some studies have indicated the overflow of the Pemdan glacial lake located upstream in Melamchi catchment which resulted in the destruction of the natural dam of the Bhemathang area, ultimately eroding the riverbed. The origin of this disaster can be traced to, among other factors, the 2015 earthquake which triggered multiple landslides in the Melamchi River catchment increasing its susceptibility to slope instability. Another noticeable factor, linked to Climate Change was the perceptible five to nine degrees Celsius rise in temperature that month which melted the glaciers and cascaded unimaginable torrents into Melamchi area. https://questionofcities.org/nepals-melamchi-still-recovering-from-2021-flood-shows-multiple-risks-of-rapid-urbanisation/  (25 Aug. 2023)

CHINA

This report makes rather alarmist and unfounded claims that the great bend hydropower project is already under construction by China on Yarlung Tsangpo river. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3233141/china-india-border-dispute-spills-over-water-resources-difficult-agree  (04 Sept. 2023)

THE REST OF THE WORLD

America Using up its groundwater like there’s no tomorrow Groundwater overuse is draining and damaging aquifers nationwide, NYT data investigation revealed. The New York Times conducted a months-long examination of groundwater depletion, interviewing more than 100 experts, traveling the country and creating a comprehensive database using millions of readings from monitoring sites. The investigation reveals how America’s life-giving resource is being exhausted in much of the country, and in many cases it won’t come back. Huge industrial farms and sprawling cities are draining aquifers that could take centuries or millenniums to replenish themselves if they recover at all. In other areas, including parts of Utah, California and Texas, so much water is being pumped up that it is causing roads to buckle, foundations to crack and fissures to open in the earth. And around the country, rivers that relied on groundwater have become streams or trickles or memories. “There is no way to get that back,” Don Cline, the associate director for water resources at the United States Geological Survey, said of disappearing groundwater. “There’s almost no way to convey how important it is.”

– One of the biggest obstacles is that the depletion of this unseen yet essential natural resource is barely regulated. The federal government plays almost no role, and individual states have implemented a dizzying array of often weak rules. The problem is also relatively unexamined at the national scale. Hydrologists and other researchers typically focus on single aquifers or regional changes.

– The most visible symbol of America’s agricultural bounty is the “center pivot” irrigation system, a metal contraption on wheels that is attached to a pump and revolves around a central point. A single arm, mounted with sprinklers, can be as long as half a mile, dispersing hundreds of gallons per minute from a well, 24 hours a day, for weeks or months on end.

– A little more than one-third of America’s total volume of drinking water comes from groundwater, according to data from the U.S. Geological Survey. But small and rural communities are disproportionately dependent on wells, which typically cost less than treating and transporting water from rivers and lakes. Of the nation’s 143,070 water systems, 128,362 rely primarily on groundwater, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.

– The federal government sets rules on groundwater, but not its overuse or depletion, although experts say Congress has the constitutional authority to do so. Overall, federal responsibility for water is scattered among a half-dozen different agencies.

– Pumping water can cause the earth above an aquifer to slump, collapsing the space left behind by the water that was removed. Once that space is lost, it can no longer hold water. That process, called subsidence, is happening around the country, and more than 80 percent of it is the result of groundwater use, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The agency says subsidence has affected more than 47,000 square miles of land and waterways across the United States. As the land sinks, home foundations, sewer pipes and other structures are damaged. It’s hard to predict fissures before they open. But once they happen, they can’t easily be filled in or closed. Instead they tend to get both wider and longer. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/28/climate/groundwater-drying-climate-change.html  (28 Aug. 2023)

SANDRP

Also see: DRP 28 Aug. 2023 & DRP 21 Aug. 2023  

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