ASSAM: NEEPCO a repeat offender? On July 27, 2018 sudden release of water from NEEPCO’s Doyang Hydropower Electric Project (HEP), located in Wokha district, Nagaland led to flood disaster[1], submerging[2] about 36 villages in Golaghat a district in Upper Assam. According to Rony Rajkumar, project officer of the Golaghat district disaster management authority, around 5,575 people were affected by the deluge which damaged 887.9 ha of crop.
Earlier, on July 11, 2018, reviewing the severe flood situation Lakhimpur Assam, the Chief Minister (CM) Sarbananda Sonowal strongly warned[3] the state-owned power utility NEEPCO not to release water from its Ranganadi dam without warning like previous years.
(Feature Image: IMD Sub-Division wise Weekly Rainfall Map 26 July – 1 Aug. 2018)
Amid news of monsoon being normal, farmers in several parts in the country have started facing irrigation water problems affecting sowing of Kharif crops. Apart from, insufficient rainfall, mismanagement of water resources is turning the situation grim for them.
As per reports, water levels in Bhakra and Pong dams in Himachal has plunged to lowest in decades. As a result dam authority has issued advisory to lakhs of farmers in Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan to use water judiciously. Some official also said that the beneficiary states lacks efficient water management practices which is making the situation tough for them.
The Sri Ram Sagar Project in Telangana has no irrigation water. As per state water minister, a Rs. 1100 crore work was going on to renovate the dam. Meanwhile farmers of about 24 villages have started protest demanding irrigation water form SRSP for their standing crops. Given the tense situation, the State Govt has deployed heavy police forces to control farmers agitation.
At the same time, farmers in North Gujarat farmers have lost 40% of sown crops particularly in Ahmedabad, Morbi and Surendranagar. Non availability of Narmada waters have added to the problems. It is worth to mention that mismanagement of water during past four months in Narmada dam by the authority, has worsened the plight of farmers. Meanwhile, there are reports of furious Surendranagar farmers themselves opening the dam gates going against authority.
Similarly, lack of rainfall in Beed district which is part of Marathwada in Maharashtra has affected the rural population badly. In fact, the rainfall situation in a fourth of India, including Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, was in stark contrast to the rest of the country. Overall, the southwest monsoon in 2018 was only 2 % below normal by July, 27.
The southwest monsoon in Bihar was almost 40 % below normal till July 27 and the state was set to be formally declared ‘drought-hit’. It is worth to mention that the monsoon scenario seems less than reassuring, based on Skymet latest forecast and reading between the lines of IMD Aug. 3, press release.
How is development possible along with environment protection? There are two kinds of answers possible to this question. The standard kind of reply would try to provide a list of options that are available to a given development need.
For example, to provide water to a city like Delhi, one can think of many options, including rainwater harvesting; groundwater recharge; protection of wetlands, floodplains, rivers, water bodies, catchment including the ridge; creation of more water bodies; demand side management options; treatment and recycling of sewage; reduction in transmission and distribution losses; curbing unjustified, inappropriate and wasteful use, among others. The politicians, engineers and bureaucrats would however suggest dams on Yamuna like Renuka or Lakhwar Vyasi or Kishau and even interlinking of rivers like Sharda Yamuna Link. The first set of measures listed above provide options where it is possible to fulfil the need of Delhi’s water needs through local options that also ensure least environmental impact or rather environment protection. But the government is likely to dismiss them as impractical, insufficient or both. But how do we decide if these measures provide better options than say what the government is proposing?
That takes us to the second kind of answer to the question of How is development possible along with environment protection? What is the decision making process we deploy to find answer as to which is better option for Delhi’s water needs? If our decision making process just involves the bureaucrats, politicians, engineers, consultants, corporate sector and some “experts”, then that process is more likely to give you one set of answers.
In stead, our decision making can involve more democratic, participatory process starting from needs assessment, prioritization of needs, options available for prioritized needs, comprehensively assessing the costs, benefits and impacts of each of the options, putting all such assessments out in public domain and at each stage involving the real stakeholders in decisive way and involving real public consultation process. Here it is the process that will decide what is the best option for a given need of the society, not some ready made set of answers from some “experts”. Such a framework for decision making is indeed a necessary implication of any democratic society.
Such a process would involve time, but it is never the case that society does not have time for such a process. To illustrate, it was about a decade back that Renuka dam was being debated as next water supply option for Delhi. It was 13 years back that the Memorandum of Understanding for Ken Betwa River Link was signed. It was a decade back that a SANDRP report advocated that Mumbai does not need either Damangaga Pinjal or any more dams for its water needs and this was supported by the then BMC officials.
If we had the will we could have deployed democratic process to find answers to these questions. But do we have the will?
SANDRP BlogIndia’s hydro generation AGAIN below 10% in 2017-18 In 2016-17, for the first time in independent India’s history, hydropower generation from large hydropower projects in India fell below 10% of total electricity generation. In 2017-18, for which the Central Electricity Authority figures have just became available, the trend has continued, with proportion of electricity produced by large hydropower projects going further down. https://sandrp.in/2018/05/31/indias-hydro-generation-again-below-10-in-2017-18/ (SANDRP, 31 May 2018)
CenterPower capacity addition slowest in FY18, renewables contribute 69% Power Capacity addition figures for 2017-18: The country witnessed its lowest capacity addition in power in 2017-18. Incremental addition in power capacity was only 17,200 Mw, the slowest since 2013-14. Renewable energy sources contributed 69 per cent to the capacity addition in the last fiscal, while coal-based thermal power accounted for only 27 per cent of the new capacity installed. Data from the Central Electricity Authority shows that the share of thermal power in an overall generation has fallen from 66.8 per cent in FY17 to 64.8 per cent in FY18. Last fiscal also saw the lowest net thermal power capacity addition since 2013-14 at 4200 Mw.
– In 2017-18, the country generated 1307 billion units of electricity, higher by 5.3 per cent over FY17. Thermal power, made up by coal, gas and diesel based units accounted for 79.7 per cent of the generation. Hydro power and imports from Bhutan comprised 10 per cent whereas renewable energy and nuclear power had a share of eight per cent and three per cent respectively. Plant Load Factor (PLF) of thermal power plants showed a marginal improvement from 59.8 per cent in FY17 to 60.7 per cent in FY18. Among thermal power units, gas-based stations continued to be crippled by below par capacity utilisation at 22.9 per cent during 2017-18. Around 11 per cent of the thermal power plants are gas-based. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/power-capacity-addition-slowest-in-fy18-renewables-contribute-69-118052600622_1.html (Business Standard, 26 May 2018)
StudySmall hydel projects reducing fish numbers, diversity Small hydropower projects (SHPs) in the biodiversity hub of Western Ghats have not only altered the composition of freshwater fish communities but also reduced the number of species. This startling revelation has been made by a first-of-its-kind holistic study in India, which has evaluated the environmental impacts of SHPs.
– Scientists from Wildlife Conservation Society – India Program (WCS-India Program), National Centre for Biological Sciences (Bengaluru), University of Florida, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, and Foundation for Ecological Research Advocacy and Learning (FERAL), jointly conducted the study in the upper reaches of river Nethravathi, which is part of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.
– The study showed that SHPs reduced the water flow immediately downstream of the dam and caused flow fluctuation when water is released back into the river after power generation, both of which impact fish assemblages (variety and abundance). Dammed streams were found to have altered fish composition and less number of species.
– The study revealed that SHPs have also caused a new problem: a surge in human-elephant conflict situations. Shishir Rao from WCS-India said the number of claims filed for elephant conflict compensation increased by 173% compared to the previous year in an area where an SHP was commissioned.
– Apart from the dam, the construction of associated structures such as large pipes, canals and transmission lines hinders the movement of elephants, forcing them to find new routes, increasing the incidence of conflict, observed the study.
– The study has also expressed concern over the increasing number of SHPs being built across rivers in Western Ghats and elsewhere. It cited the example of the 108-km-long Nethravathi, where 10 SHPs currently exist and 44 more have been proposed.
Based on study findings The Telegraph report reads “Small hydropower projects, long viewed as environment-friendly alternatives to large dams, themselves appear to threaten the diversity and populations of native freshwater fish, a study on river tributaries in the Western Ghats has suggested.
SikkimNHPC shows interests in Lanco Infratech’s 500 MW Teesta hydropower project NHPC Ltd is interested in acquiring Lanco Infratech’s 500 MW hydropower project on the Teesta river in Sikkim, said Balraj Joshi, chairman and managing director. Lanco Infratech Ltd is undergoing insolvency proceedings, and is among the 12 non-performing asset accounts referred to the National Company Law Tribunal by the Reserve Bank of India. “The Teesta-VI project is half completed and we are interested in reviving the project by participating in the expression of interest (EoI) process,” said Joshi. Joshi said NHPC cannot bid for the project under the current stipulation, with the public sector unit seeking a ‘solution’ from the government https://www.livemint.com/Industry/n1T5FVKf5LltAKsnSkePEN/NHPC-eyes-Lanco-Infratechs-500-MW-Teesta-hydropower-project.html (Live Mint, 28 May 2018)
In another significant development, a day after Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti’s (KMSS) demand to terminate the construction work of 168 dams in Arunachal, NEEPCO has reportedly stopped the survey works for new projects in the State.KMSS leader Akhil Gogoi expressed concern over the cracks at 600 MW Kameng dam in the earthquake prone Arunachal on May 6. https://nenow.in/north-east-news/kmss-demands-termination-kameng-dam-construction.html (North East Now, 6 May 2018)
Meanwhile an earthquake has hit the state on June 2. A 5.2 magnitude earthquake was reported on June 2 morning in Tezu, Lohit district news agency ANI reported. According to USGS, the earthquake struck the north-eastern town at 11:16 am. No loss of lives or damage of properties have been reported so far.
Polavaram DamNGT notice to Centre on plea alleging obstruction in Godavari due to construction at Polavaram A plea before the NGT said environmental flow of Godavari river is being obstructed due to construction of a wall at Polavaram dam, leading to a devastating effect on marine wildlife and the livelihood of 8,000 fishermen. A bench headed by acting NGT chairperson Justice Jawad Rahim issued notices to the Polavaram Project Authority, union environment ministry, inter-ministerial monitoring committee, Central Inland Fisheries Institute, Andhra Pradesh, district collector of West Godavari and others while seeking their replies before July 31.
– Advocate Pragya Parijat Singh, appearing for the petitioner, told the bench that the environmental flow of the river was being obstructed due to construction of a diaphragm wall. She said the construction of such a wall has a devastating effect on marine wildlife in the river and the livelihood of 8,000 fishermen in and around the Polavaram area. “The water is getting dried up and thousands of fishermen are stranded due to loss of livelihood. Not just that, the ecology is getting disturbed as the aquatic life is suffering. All these are in clear abrogation of environmental clearance dated October 25, 2005. The dam construction at Polavaram involves building of a 1.5 metre thick concrete diaphragm wall up to depths from 40-120 metre below the river bed. The purpose of a diaphragm wall is to secure the river bed stability for withstanding water pressure across the dam. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ngt-notice-to-centre-on-plea-alleging-obstruction-in-godavari-due-to-construction-at-polavaram/story-HJlM1RIOkUVIzQ1z3ywm8M.html (Hindustan Times, 28 May 2018)
Sardar Sarovar DamNGT intervention sought to save dried up Narmada Environment and citizens groups in Bharuch have knocked the doors of the NGT seeking urgent directions for release of adequate water from the Sardar Sarovar dam into downstream of Narmada in wake of the rapidly drying up riverbed that could potentially result in an ecological disaster. NGT has issued notices to the Narmada Control Authority (NCA), the Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd (SSNNL) and the ministry of environment and forests, asking them to reply by July 30.
The notices were issued following a public interest application filed by the Narmada Pradushan Nivaran Samiti and the Bharuch Citizen Council (BCC). “The salinity ingress affects the river till about 72 km upstream from the river mouth at present, while tidal effects are felt as far up as 100 km upstream,” the petition stated. President, Bharuch Citizen Council, Jivraj Patel said, “We were forced to seek judicial intervention as the government has paid little heed to this serious issue, which we have raised time and again. The river must get its legitimate share of water, which needs to be determined based on fresh scientific studies instead of the arbitrary criteria of water requirement determined by SSNNL.” https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/ngt-intervention-sought-to-save-dried-up-narmada/articleshow/64376067.cms (The Times of India, 30 May 2018)
The plea claimed that drying up of river bed is causing immense damage to environment, agriculture and local industries. “Due to unavailability of surface water, water intensive and heavily polluting industries along the Narmada Estuary withdrew large quantities of water from bore wells aggravating water crisis in the region and accelerating rate of toxic sea water intrusion into the aquifers of the downstream area,” the plea claimed. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/plea-claims-inadequate-release-of-water-in-narmada-damaging-environment-ngt-issues-notice/articleshow/64384767.cms (The Times of India, 30 May 2018)
Pancheshwar DamGovt’s call draws flak Leaders of various opposition parties, voluntary organisations and public groups condemned the decisions taken by the Central and State Governments for the Pancheshwar dam project in Uttarakhand. They alleged that through such “criminal decisions”, attempts were being made to snatch away the legal rights of the poor people who will be affected by this hydro power project. These views were expressed at a mass convention organised here by the Chetna Andolan and Azadi Bachao Andolan on May 28, 2018. Leaders of the Congress, Uttarakhand Kranti Dal, Communist Party of India, CPI (Marxist) along with representatives of Chetna Andolan, Uttarakhand Mahil Manch, Mahakali Lok Sangathan (Pithoragarh) and various others were among those present in the meeting.
– Work on the Pancheswar project and all other such hydro power projects can be started after recognising the rights of the local communities and after securing approval from all the Gram Sabhas in the affected region. Without such measures, starting work on the project is akin to a criminal action by the Government, they alleged. http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/govts-call-on-pancheshwar-draws-flak.html (The Daily Pioneer, 28 May 2018)
It is true that public hearing is of no meaning without giving information about the dam, Dam company do not want that people know about the truth, ones public hearing happened then no say of people. A video with the people of Panv talla village can be seen on this link https://www.facebook.com/100012446893888/videos/422346131523613/
EIA public hearing sans environment issues The environmental public hearing for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the inter-State Chanakha-Korata barrage across Penganga river organised by the Telangana Pollution Control Board at Pippalkuti village in Tamsi mandal on Thursday was all but that. Only one of the eight villagers who spoke at the meeting broached environment subject, not about the barrage but about the proposed balancing reservoir in his village. Joint Collector B. Sandhya Rani, who conducted the proceedings, clarified at the beginning of the meeting that it was dealing only with environmental aspects of Chanakha-Korata. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/eia-public-hearing-sans-environment-issues/article23981550.ece (The Hindu, 24 May 2018)
Raising slogans, the farmers said several of their demands have not been met despite the fact that they were evicted in 1965. Samiti leaders said residents from 19 villages were evicted and nearly 394-hectare land was acquired by the state government.
“The work started in 1965 and the dam was completed by 1973. Nearly 1,203 farmers were affected. Out of these, only 340 farmer families were provided land in Maval and Khed areas. As many as 863 families have so far not received any land… We have been demanding justice for over 50 years,” said a samiti leader.
Collector Naval Kishore Ram said they have made every effort to ensure monsoon preparedness. “We have identified 84 villages in the district that are flood-prone and took necessary precautions there. These villages are spread out in Bhor, Baramati, Mulshi, Khed, Shirur, Junnar, Daund, Indapur, Haveli and Maval talukas,” Ram told TOI.
Once identified, residents of the dilapidated structures will be sent evacuation notices by the officials concerned. This includes areas that are most likely to be inundated when water is released from dams. Municipal bodies were told to clean up drains and culverts before the arrival of the monsoon.
Banavate said all the departments were briefed on the measures to be taken up. “A report has to be submitted in the first fortnight of June. Flood-line marking and various other measures need to be taken in coordination with the India Meteorological Department,” Banavate said.
Gujarat DOES THIS PROPOSAL, BIGGER THAN KALPSAR, HOLD ANY WATER? “Ahead of the 2019 polls, the BJP is all set to make a 4,900 sq km Rann Sarovar an electoral plank. While the idea has been floated by an industrialist known to be close to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Jaysukhbhai Patel, managing director, Ajanta-Oreva group, if a recent well-attended meeting on Rann Sarovar in Gujarat Vidyapeeth is any indication, it has already been “discussed”, among others, with Modi, BJP chief Amit Shah, Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani, at least two ministers, and senior government officials.”
– This one would cost between Rs 50 and 100 crore. All that one needs to do is to dam the 1.26 km stretch of Hadakiya Creek, which joins Kutch, Saurashtra and the Gulf of Kutch at Surajbari, to ensure that the monsoon water, gathered into the Little Rann, does no “go waste” into the sea, into the Gulf… What you would have is the 4,900 sq km Rann Sarovar, filled with nine lakh cubic metres of sweet water, “equal to that of the Narmada dam”, to quote from the 90 page Gujarati booklet distributed at a recent Gujarat Vidyapeeth meeting… the book believes that the Rann Sarovar’s about 10 feet deep water, gathered from the mythical river Saraswati to Banas, Rupen, Kankavati, Brahmani, Macchu, Chandrabhaga, “in all 110 big and small rivers”, would become a major source irrigation, even as solving Saurashtra-Kutch’s drinking water problem, turning the adjoining areas into a “green belt.”… on advice from the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI) has submitted a report Rann Sarovar, which is “broadly positive” about the proposal. https://www.counterview.net/2018/05/eye-on-2019-polls-tycoon-discusses-with.html (Counter View, 30 May 2018)
Uttar Pradeshरोहिन पर बना कच्चा बांध टूटाEven before beginning of monsoon season, there are reports of two dams getting damaged both in Maharajgunj district of Uttar Pradesh:
नौतनवा तहसील क्षेत्र के ग्राम सभा रतनपुर के समीप नहर में पानी छोड़ने के लिए रोहिन नदी के बीचो-बीच बनाया गया बांध पानी का दबाव न झेल पाने के कारण शुक्रवार की सुबह भरभरा कर बह गया। बताते चलें कि नौतनवा तहसील क्षेत्र के रतनपुर के समीप से होकर भारतीय क्षेत्र में प्रवेश करनी वाली रोहिन नदी के पानी को नहर में मोड़ने के लिए ¨सचाई विभाग ने ठेकेदार के माध्यम से मिट्टी का कच्चा बांध बनवाया था।
नहर में छोड़े गए इस पानी से लक्ष्मीपुर व नौतनवा ब्लाक के दर्जनों गांवों के किसान गर्मियों के सीजन में गेहूं की ¨सचाई करते हैं और बरसात आने से पहले ही बाढ़ के खतरे को भांपकर ¨सचाई विभाग 15 जून से पहले स्वयं बांध को तोड़वा देता है, लेकिन इस साल जून माह के पहले ही दिन शुक्रवार को जैसे ही रोहिन नदी में बाढ़ आई, पानी के दबाव को न झेल पाने के कारण नहर में पानी मोड़ने के लिए बना कच्चा बांध भरभरा कर बह गया। यहां बता दें कि बीते अगस्त 2005 में आई भीषण बाढ़ से रोहिन नदी पर नहर में पानी की आपूíत करने के लिए बना बीयर गेट टूट जाने के बाद से कोई स्थाई बांध नहीं बनाया गया।” https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-rawin-on-broken-raw-dams-18029624.html (Dainik Jagran, 1 June 2018)
पहली ही बारिश में टूटा महाव बांध नेपाल की पहाड़ियों पर हुई मूसलाधार बारिश के कारण शुक्रवार की दोपहर डेढ़ बजे देवघट्टी गांव के सामने महाव बांध करीब 10 मीटर कट गया। इससे आधा दर्जन गांवों में हड़कंप मच गया है। 1महाव नाले का उफनाया पानी देवघट्टी, शिकारगढ़, नरायनपुर, हरपुर आदि गांवों की ओर तेजी से बढ़ रहा है। महाव नाले के रौद्र रूप देख किसानों संग ग्रामीण भी सहम गए। किसानों का कहना है कि अभी बरसात बाकी है। महाव का अभी टूट जाना प्रशासन के दावों की पोल खोलकर रख रहा है। महाव के टूटने के बाद भी अब तक राहत व बचाव कार्य प्रशासन के तरफ से शुरू नहीं किया गया है। इसको लेकर ग्रामीणों में आक्रोश है। किसानों ने कहा कि यदि जिला प्रशासन इस पर गंभीर नहीं हुआ तो पिछले वर्ष के रिकार्ड भी टूट जाएंगे और सैकड़ों किसानों की खेती चौपट हो जाएगी।
11.89 करोड़ की लागत से हुआ था सिल्ट सफाई का काम : महाव को बाढ़ से बचाव के नाम पर इस साल भी धन की खूब बर्बादी हुई। नाले की सिल्ट सफाई के नाम पर सिंचाई विभाग ने 1.89 करोड़ की लागत से महाव की सफाई कराई,और दोनों किनारों की मरम्मत कराई थी। मानक के अनुसार महाव की सफाई व दोनों किनारों को मजबूत न बनाने के कारण ही पहली ही बरसात में सिंचाई विभाग के कार्यों की पोल खुल गई और आधा दर्जन गांवों के लोगों पर बाढ़ से चौतरफा घिरने का खतरा मंडराने लगा। https://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/02-jun-2018-edition-Maharajganj-page_7-7020-12882-271.html (Dainik Jagran, 2 June 2018)
Bhakra DamWater level low, Punjab, Rajasthan stares at paddy-sowing crisis With the Bhakra reservoir level going below 1,500 feet in May, nearly 50 feet lower than the same time last year, Punjab and Rajasthan are staring at an irrigation crisis during the paddy-sowing season. More worrying is the decline in water inflow since melting of snow in the glaciers is almost half of the normal this year. The water level at Bhakra on May 26, 2018 was recorded at 1,495 feet (MDDL 1462 ft) against 1,545 feet on the corresponding day in 2017. In the Ranjit Sagar dam, the water level is 1,636.6 feet, against 1,685 feet the same day last year. From May 20 to 25, the Bhakra level receded by 6 feet, while the same increased from 1539.33 feet to 15.44.9 feet (by 5.57 feet) last year. During the 2017-18 winter, there was 50 per cent of the last year’s snowfall. This estimate was prepared on the basis of satellite images by the National Remote Sensing Agency. https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/bhakra-water-level-low-punjab-stares-at-paddy-sowing-crisis/story-iltEx1qnGfnNCl1L7isAeJ.html (Hindustan Times, 28 May 2018)
WOW: Traditional fish consumers in Kashmir are largely inspired by folklore that fish be consumed in months which bear alphabet ‘R’. And hence, from May to August, fish is rarely consumed. “No one knows from where this logic came but our family has been following this logic of cooking fish for generations,” said Rabiya, a resident of nearby Maharaj Bazar.
Mission Kakatiya is the flagship program of government of Telangana, a state whose formation itself was catalysed by perceived regional injustices in water distribution for irrigation. Launched in 2014, the mission aims to harness benefits of tank irrigation by increasing command area, water supply for irrigation and opportunities for agriculture. Based on multiple field studies, this Highlight presents a midterm assessment of the project’s impact on increasing irrigated area, farmers’ incomes, groundwater recharge, opportunities for agriculture and associated
Tapi; GujaratHyacinth, garbage stifling river Tapi’s rejuvenation Tapi river, the perennial river which passes through the Diamond City, looks almost dead. Hyacinth is stifling recreation in the river starved of water because of scanty rainfall in its catchment areas in the past few years. Garbage has only made matters worse for the river which is gasping for breath. Tapi’s flowing capacity through the city has got reduced to three lakh cusecs from six lakh cusecs one-and-half-decade ago. A couple of years ago, Gujarat Government had sanctioned Rs957 crore for ‘Tapi sudhikaran’ project. All the sewer gates in the upstream of the river were to be closed during the phase-1 of the project. The fact is waste still continues to flow into the river from the 14 sewer gates. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/hyacinth-garbage-stifling-river-tapis-rejuvenation/articleshow/64279662.cms (The Times of India, 23 May 2018)
The BMC has already sent notices to 25 cowsheds asking them to relocate. Meanwhile, washermen who use the dhobi ghats on the river bank, will be allowed to continue using them only provided they build a sewage treatment plant to treat the dirty water. This is the first time that the civic body is taking action against cowsheds and washermen near Dahisar river, though locals have made several complaints since 2015.
Dredging and concretisation work at Dahisar river halted, win for activists Members of River March a citizen movement has raised strong objections to the alleged dredging of the Dahisar river bed being carried out as well as the ongoing work to build a concrete wall along the edges inside the Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) forest area.
Environmentalist Stalin D said that putting concrete in the river is as good as killing the river. “The entire work is a matter of concern and on what basis was it sanctioned needs to be investigated,” he said.
Urban Conservationist Vikram Pawar who is part of the River March movement also visited the site and said, “The approach taken by the forest department should have been to holistically study the entire catchment area and carry out analysis of the causes of flooding in 2017 along with experts in this field and then initiate work rather than simply deciding to build concrete banks and dredge it,” he said.
A senior SGNP official said that the work being carried out was for betterment of the river and it was planned after the flooding during heavy rains on August 29 that caused extensive damage to not only the park but also left several offices flooded. “The funds came in late and hence the work had to be initiated late. However since few citizens and experts along with them raised the issue we stopped the concretisation work and are restoring the bed too.” said the official.
Himachal PradeshSnow cover declines in major river basins Rapidly changing climate is degrading the snow cover of Himalayan rivers originating in Himachal Pradesh, according to a recent study by the Himachal Pradesh state council for science technology and environment’s state centre for climatic change. The centre for climatic change used satellite data of 2017- 2018 to estimate snow cover in these rivers. The data was compared with that of average values estimated during the period 2016-2017. Major rivers like Chenab, Beas, Parvati, Baspa, Spiti, Ravi,Sutlej and their perennial tributaries originating from Himalayas depend upon the seasonal snow cover for their discharge. Seasonal snow in the Himalayan rivers play a major role in controlling their hydrology.
– Analytical data shows that the Chenab basin, which is located on north of Pir Panjal Range, behaves differently in comparison with the southern basins for winter precipitation. The snow melt has been more on the southern portion of Himalayas compared to the northern side of Pir Panjal Range. The Ravi river basin, which is on the southern side of Pir Panjal Range, also shows less snowfall area during 2017- 2018. The Chenab basin received more snow between November and December while the snow cover declined December onwards. “There is an overall reduction in the area under seasonal snow cover during the winters of 2017-18 in comparison to the area as observed during 2010-16 period in Himachal Himalaya” said Kunal Satyarthi, Member Secretary HIMCOSTE. The research showed that the river basins experienced more snow during December and November whereas the snow cover declined from January to March of 2017-2018.
– The northern basins of Chenab and Sutlej show a reduction of snow cover area in the month of October by 35% and 37% respectively. In the winter, the studies showed there is a marginal reduction in the months of January and February by 2% each in Chenab basin and 9% and 6% respectively in Sutlej basin during the same period, while in November and December it showed a positive trend with 16% and 10% increase in Chenab basin and 14% and 48% in Satluj basin. The Ravi and Beas basins which are on the southern side of the Pir Panjal range, showed negative trends in the months of October, January, February and March. The reduction in snow cover in these months was 67%, 51%, 30% and 16% respectively in the Ravi basin while the figures for the Beas basin were 24%, 28%, 19% and 8%. In November and December the snow cover showed an increase in area by 20% and 43% in the Ravi basin and 5% and 40% in the Beas basin. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/impact-of-climate-change-snow-cover-declines-in-major-river-basins-of-himachal-pradesh/story-TFn5Lp0OdetpqqJgrxI4iN.html (The Hindustan Times, 28 May 2018)
MaharashtraNGT orders closure of 350 polluting units in Taloja Bringing huge relief to fishermen and people living along Kasadi river and Panvel creek, NGT on May 30 has ordered immediate closure of 350 polluting industries in Navi Mumbai’s Taloja MIDC area till further orders:
“The NGT’s principal bench in Delhi also directed the Taloja MIDC Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) managers to deposit Rs 5 crore as penalty in addition to the Rs 5 crore asked to be deposited last month for failing to contain pollution of the river.
Taloja, the most-polluting CETP in the state, has been categorised as a non-performing plant by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB). It has been recording very high levels of BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), which are wastewater quality indicators. In fact, the BOD and COD levels recorded are over ten times the permissible limits. Incidentally, according to a recent Central Pollution Control Board study, Maharashtra has the most polluted rivers in the country.
A corporator from Panvel, Arvind Mhatre, had filed a petition with NGT last year pointing out the air, water and land pollution caused by MIDC units in the Taloja belt in Raigad district. The industries release their effluents to the CETP, which processes it and releases it to the creek. While leakages in pipelines to the CETP has polluted Kasadi, some units also released effluents directly into the river.
Following his petition, when the NGT ordered inspections, samples of water from the CETP inlet and outlet were found to be highly polluted. Last month, the NGT bench directed the CETP managers to commence work on upgrading the plant within a month.
A major reason for the poor performance of the CETP is that it’s virtually nobody’s child now. The state government and MPCB have been trying to get more funding from the units to upgrade the CETP. The MPCB had ordered takeover of the CETP by MIDC, but there’ve been delays in bid finalisation for selecting a partner to run the plant. As a result, the CETP is currently under an administrator deputed by the Panvel cooperative registrar’s office. This has also stalled the upgrade of the CETP to expand its capacity.” https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ngt-orders-closure-of-350-polluting-units-in-taloja/articleshow/64391832.cms (The Times of India, 31 May 2018)
GANGA Char Dham All Weather Road Project:Your permissions are not in order, stop muck dumping in valley, NGT tells Centre NGT has expressed dissatisfaction with the Centre’s execution of Chardham all-weather highway in Uttarakhand without having “permissions in order” related to forest clearances and categorically directed it to stop muck dumping in the river valley. It also sought a detailed list of all 480 sites designated for dumping muck as part of the 900-km long project and directed Centre to submit clearances obtained to dump muck, which also involves forest land.
It is very sad that Government itself exploiting the loopholes!“This entire Chardham project area falls in the catchment of Ganga-Bhagirathi, Yamuna, Alaknanda and Mandakini river valleys where the widening up to 12-24 metre requires cutting of thousands of tress, excavation of hills, dumping of muck, blasting of rocks and movement of heavy machineries in the highly sensitive terrain of Himalayas.
There was no information published for any Environmental Impact Assesment (EIA) regarding this project. It is nowhere found in the public domain whether the EIA of this massive project which costs approximately Rs 12,000 crores was conducted or not. The petitioner came to know about the execution of this project after large-scale cutting of the trees on the different segments of this Chardham route (Rishikesh to Gangotri, Dharasu to Yamunotri, Rishikesh to Kedarnath and Badrinath) began in December 2017. https://www.newsclick.in/government-divides-900-km-long-chardham-project-52-parts-bypass-environmental-clearances (The Times of India, 2 June 2018)
– Cleaning of the Ganga was a poll plank for the present ruling coalition. However, the schemes are stuck at various levels with state governments. Its other programme of river linking remains a non-starter. Some companies (the Vedanta group is one) have been given some areas of the river for maintenance. Rivers that are tributaries to the Ganga are also being tackled. “There are 40 tributaries of Ganga and we are working to clean these,” Gadkari said.
– One of these is planned in Delhi. “The work on cleaning the Yamuna’s water is going slow and I am concerned. I have met the (Delhi) chief minister and Lt Governor three times about it,” he said.
– As for solid waste management along the rivers, he admits to lacunae. “The work will start in cities by the side of the Ganga. Operational maintenance of such projects has been given to the private sector and technology will be used to monitor it.”
– Gadkari says close to Rs 200 billion has been sanctioned for 193 projects on new sewage treatment plant — in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Of the 193 projects identified in 2014, only 20 are complete. The highest amount sanctioned is to one of the most polluting states, UP, of Rs 52.4 billion. Followed by Bihar with Rs 45.5 billion for creating sewage treatment plants. So far, states have spent Rs 34.6 billion, at Rs 8.6 billion a year. “This government will be definitely judged by the work it did for the Ganga. No other government had ever dedicated so much fund and schemes and attention to the Ganga, with an almost impossible target. We know the public will not forgive us if we fail to clean the Ganga, especially after so much gung ho,” said a senior in the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Bihar Ganga Riverfront Development Project delayed by 6 months “The World Bank-funded Ganga riverfront development project has been delayed for the second time. The initial deadline for this dream project of CM Nitish Kumar was June 2016, which was revised to June this year and, if officials are to be believed, the deadline to complete the project will be extended by another six months. The project cost is also likely to be revised.
– The riverfront project entails development of 6.6km-long and 15ft-wide walkway along 20 ghats in the city which will have amenities like decorative street lamps, public lavatories, 500 seating benches and green cover. The CM had laid the foundation for the project on February 12, 2014.
– Citing reasons for delay in the project, the official said, “We usually stop the work during monsoon due to flood threat. Land acquisition is another big hurdle. However, required land has been acquired for the project.” He added the original expenditure of the project, which was pegged at Rs 254 crore, would be revised.
Uttar Pradesh In Varanasi Ganga water levels have receded to the LOWEST EVER RECORDEDThere is NOT A SINGLE DROP of Ganga water, all that is reaching Varanasi is sewage allege saints. “From ministers to businessmen, everybody has peddled on these banks. Many schemes were announced to ensure the river is cleaned, but none of it materialised because of a complex web of politics.
Water was released in the river when french president Macron visited the banks of Kashi but even that has dried up now. The district magistrate has also written a letter to the authorities for the same.
Dr BD Tripathi, Chairman of Mahamana Malaviya Research Centre for Ganga at BHU says, “three sewage treatment plants were set up in 1986. Thirty years back, there was 200 MLD of sewage discharge, now its 350 MLD. In addition 75 MLD industrial pollution is falling in the river. They could not install a fourth treatment plants.” https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/people-of-varanasi-request-to-pm-modi-to-clean-river-ganga (Quint, 30 May 2018)
Land row stalls Ganga water plan for Raj Nagar Extension A delay in identifying land for setting a plant to treat Ganga water to be supplied to households in Raj Nagar Extension has cast a cloud of uncertainty on when the project would be complete.
Officials in UP Jal Nigam said they had written at least three letters to Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation and Ghaziabad Development Authority to make land available for project but the missives have not elicited any response.
The officials said that only after land is identified, they can prepare a detailed project report and lay down the deadline for its completion. “Last month, we had presented a feasibility report to GMC mentioning a tentative cost for implementing the project. It was estimated at around Rs 820 crore,” said GP Shukla, chief engineer in the Jal Nigam. “As for land, we had specifically spelt out the need for three acres for the plant and some additional land for laying pipelines from Murad Nagar to Raj Nagar Extension, where we propose to set up the treatment plant,” he added.
The chief engineer said it would take at least two years to implement the project. Municipal commissioner CP Singh said there was no dearth of land, adding they planned to start the process of identifying it in a meeting of corporation board.
NationalMap of dams on Ganga River This map shows 39 dam and barrage on Ganges River System from Tehri to Farakka. The major rivers are- Ganga, Sarda, Gandaki, Koshi, Yamuna, Ken, Betwa, Sone, Mayurakshi, Damador. How the rivers are surviving!
YAMUNA DelhiIWAI approves Rs. 55 crore for Taxi project on Yamuna A pilot ferry service in Yamuna is reported to be started after the monsoon and regular services are set to begin by this year end. Though it will be limited to only a few kilometres stretch from Tronica City in Ghaziabad to Sonia Vihar in Delhi, this service is likely to emerge as a major tourist attraction.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) has approved Rs 7.55 crore for the water taxi project, which involves setting up of three floating jetties and ancillary facilities for tourists to reach the boarding and deboarding points. Last week, IWAI officials told shipping minister Nitin Gadkari that no construction will be carried out for jetties as per the direction of the National Green Tribunal (NGT). TOI heaps insults over NGT, EIA process and Principle committee, assuming all boxes will be ticked by year end. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/soon-take-a-ferry-ride-on-yamuna/articleshow/64376038.cms (The Times of India, 30 May 2018)
Large scale illegal sand mining in Ghaghara river (Basti) is causing significant damage to embankments thus increasing the risk of flood during monsoon. घाघरा नदी के किनारे माझा में बालू खनन बड़े पैमाने पर हो रहा है। कुछ जगह वैध खनन हो रहा है तो कई जगह अवैध। बालू के अनियोजित खनन से कलवारी से लेकर दुबौलिया तक तकरीबन 30 किलोमीटर की लंबाई में जगह-जगह तटबंधों की सुरक्षा को खतरा उत्पन्न हो गया है। इस संबंध में बाढ़ खंड द्वारा जिला प्रशासन को सूचित भी किया जा चुका है उसके बाद भी खनन पर अंकुश नहीं लग रहा है।
बाढ़ के दिनों में नदी का बहाव सीधा तटबंध की तरफ हो जाने से बंधे संवेदनशील हो जाते हैं जिससे उनकी सुरक्षा को खतरा पैदा हो जाता है। पिछले वर्ष कुदरहा ब्लाक के पिपरपाती तथा दुबौलिया ब्लाक के कटरिया-चांदपुर में स्थिति काफी बिगड़ गई थी। किसी तरह बाढ़ खंड ने स्थिति पर नियंत्रण किया। यह हाल तो तब था जब बालू का खनन नहीं हो रहा था। इस बार जिस तरह से बालू खनन हो रहा है उससे बंधे कितना सुरक्षित रह पाएंगे यह अपने आप में बड़ा सवाल है। https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-threat-to-safety-of-embankments-with-sand-mining-18028919.html (Dainik Jagran, 1 June 2018)
WET LANDS
MaharashtraGovt formally notifies 16.9 sq km Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary The state government has formally notified 16.9 sq km on the western side of the Thane creek as a dedicated flamingo sanctuary. In addition to over 40,000 flamingoes that call the creek home for six months, the sanctuary also hosts a variety of migratory birds including the sand plover and Black-tailed Godwits. The sanctuary, proposed as one of the mitigation measures for the Mumbai Trans-Harbour Link will come under the Mumbai Mangrove Conservation Unit. The flamingo sanctuary is spread on the western side of Thane creek across Mulund (143 ha), Bhandup (95 ha), Kanjurmarg (265 ha), Vikhroli (257 ha) and Mandale (31 ha). It will be under the Mumbai Mangrove Conservation Unit. It was proposed as one of the mitigation measures for the MTHL. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-formally-notifes-16-9-sq-km-thane-creek-flamingo-sanctuary/articleshow/64261447.cms (The Times of India, 21 May 2018)
“The local activists have again written to Cidco and the Wetlands Body Committee about the latest dumping. Senior Cidco officer in-charge of Kharghar, S Rokade said, “The area (between sectors 19 and 18) is a low-lying one, but no pond is earmarked there. So the residents will have to talk to the Cidco planning department about it.” Singh replied, “We have been seeing the pond at the site for nearly 15 years even if it is not marked.”” https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/setback-for-kharghar-residents-as-fresh-debris-dumped-near-pond/articleshow/64389950.cms (The Times of India, 30 May 2018)
HyderabadAlgae chokes Hyderabad’s drinking water lifelines, sparks alarm Osmansagar and Himayatsagar, two major drinking water sources for twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, are now infested with algal growth. The presence of unwanted vegetation indicates that the drinking water sources are gradually losing their pristine environment.
– A thick blanket of weeds and algae has formed in the shores of the lakes as water has been impounded for long.
– Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB), which controls the lakes, has not released water downstream in the last 18 months.
– The reservoirs have been losing water due to evaporation. It increases during summer. About one MGD of water is lost in evaporation.- Lack of outflow has led to stagnation of water in the lakes resulting in algal bloom. Research studies have revealed that the water quality in the two lakes has been deteriorating over the years.
– Since their construction about 90 years ago, Osmansagar and Himayatsagar reservoirs have been catering to the needs to lakhs of people.
Op-EdWho pays to save Jakkur lake?by Isher Judge AhluwaliaInteresting case of how Jakkur lake in Yelahanka area in NE Bangalore got rejuvenated starting around 2005 through a 10 MLD STP and constructed wetland. Come KPCL with a 370 MW Gas based Thermal Power plant, needing 10 MLD of treated sewage, it may jeopardise the whole success story. But if KPCL were to cool the used water and recycle it to the lake, the lake may continue to function.http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jakkur-lake-bengaluru-water-pollution-wastewater-management-5196201/ (The Indian Express, 30 May 2018)
On May 17, the Bombay high court (HC)-appointed wetland grievance committee has initiated an enquiry into the matter after citizens submitted satellite images that show 75% of the water body has been reclaimed. As per report, dumping of construction debris has destroyed three-fourth of Murbi Talav, a four-acre pond located in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) between sector 18 and 19 at Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, over a period of three years. Local residents claim the area has always been a wetland. A much larger water body in sector 17 located a few hundred metres away from Murbi provides high tide saline water to this pond through channels present underneath these residential buildings, said Naresh Singh, resident of the area since 2008 and another member of Abhivyakti.
Member of the HC wetland grievance committee said the matter was discussed earlier this month. “We have issued directions to CIDCO to submit a report within this month about how the water body is being reclaimed. We are also checking whether this area is a wetland, and ground surveys for the same are underway,” said JR Gowda, member secretary of the committee. https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/debris-dumping-shrinks-huge-pond-in-navi-mumbai-by-75/story-gzG6usl9lVjdrMs0KvAOGJ.html (Hindustan Times, 17 May 2018)
Important, useful on Groundwater Management: Wells, not dams, have been the temples of modern India.
In order to make access to water adequate and equitable, we must shift our focus from water sources to water resources. Both science, and community participation and cooperation, are key to addressing our water woes.
A growing demand for water implies the need for an improved understanding of our resources, and the ability to manage that demand in an equitable and sustainable way.
India is a groundwater economy. At 260 cubic km per year, our country is the highest user of groundwater in the world–we use 25 percent of all groundwater extracted globally, ahead of USA and China.
When we think of water however, our brains have been programmed to think of large dams and rivers, and not wells. This, despite the fact that India has at least four crore irrigation wells and millions of farmers who use well water in agriculture.
This article challenges the analysis and arguments presented in Tushaar Shah et al (2017). It shows on the basis of empirical data that solar photovoltaic systems for well irrigation are economically unviable, and offering high capital subsidies for such systems and then guaranteeing a higher feed-in-tariff for the electricity produced than the market price would ruin the state electricity utilities and distort energy markets, while incentivising farmers to pump excess groundwater to raise water-inefficient crops and sell the excess water for a profit. https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/21/special-articles/solar-irrigation-cooperatives.html (EPW, 26 May 2018)
MaharashtraDrought-prone Yavatmal district sets example as farmers construct 6,000 ‘farm pools’ The construction of over 6,000 ‘farm pools’ by cultivators to meet the irrigation demand in Maharashtra’s drought-prone Yavatmal has set an example for other districts. A farm pool or pond is dug out to harvest rainwater. With the digging of these pools, around 6,000 hectares of land will get “protected irrigation”, raising hopes of a better rabi crop.
– However, executing the farm pool work in a scattered manner increased the expenditure due to unnecessary movement of machinery from one place to another. To overcome this difficulty, farmers were encouraged to create farm pools in a cluster manner. 10,518 farmers in the district applied online for the scheme, and 8,355 applications were found to be technically eligible. Out of these, the construction of around 6,200 farm pools has been completed in about six months. https://www.firstpost.com/india/maharashtras-drought-prone-yavatmal-district-sets-example-as-farmers-construct-6000-farm-pools-4484313.html (First Post, 27 May 2018)
Also see,Maharashtra groundwater level dips in 71 of state talukas Maharashtra’s Groundwater Survey and Development Agency (GSDA) survey:… “A whopping 71% of the state’s 353 talukas reported a drop of more than a metre in the ground water level by March 2018 compared to a 5-year average. By now (May 2018) two months later, the water level is expected to be even lower.
GSDA compared the ground water level in 3,920 observation wells in the state in March with the average water level in the last five years.
Groundwater depletion was highest in the arid Vidarbha and Marathwada regions, the survey found. As many as 40% of the 252 talukas which reported the decline in ground water level are located in Vidarbha and 22% in Marathwada.
The GSDA survey also found that the ground water level had fallen by more than a metre in 10,521 villages and by 1-2 metres in 6,896 villages. It had declined by 2-3 metres in 2,649 villages and by more than 3 metres in 976 villages.
Officials say a decline up to a metre in groundwater level is not alarming. However, experts say it is a cause for concern and indicates that groundwater is being extracted at a faster rate than it is being replenished. “The sample is very small so the decline in ground water level is likely to be more intense than reflected in the data,” says water expert Pradeep Purandare, formerly with the Water and Land Management Institute.
SANDRP BlogIndia’s Summer of Water Crisis in 2018 With the rise in temperature, several parts of country have started facing severe water crisis. The rural areas and urban settlements seem equally affected. The report also suggest the mismanagement of water sources, failure in treatment of water pollution has more role in aggravating the situation than the natural reasons. https://sandrp.in/2018/05/30/indias-summer-of-water-crisis-in-2018/ (SANDRP, 30 May 2018)
Sterlite ProtestGovt orders permanent closure of Sterlite plantVedanta’s Thoothukudi copper unit closed down permanently for causing water and air pollution and violating environmental norms:
“The Tamil Nadu government on May 28 ordered the closure of the Sterlite Copper factory in Thoothukudi in the back drop of last week violent agitation led by residents who claim the smelter has caused widespread pollution of air and water in the southern city.
The govt order endorsed the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board’s directive last week to close the unit citing constitutional provisions to “protect and improve the environment,” and “in larger public interest.”
Within an hour of the order announced on Monday afternoon, district officials of Thoothukudi, headed by Collector Sandeep Nanduri, arrived at the plant to seal the premises.
– Legal experts believe the state’s move may not stand the scrutiny of higher courts.
– PIL filed by Fatima Babu, a lecturer and member of the MDMK, based in Thoothukudi, had won a stay at the Madras High Court, stalling the proposed expansion of the plant.
– The court delivered an interim injunction while directing the central government to renew the environmental clearance of the factory only after a public hearing, which is to be conducted before September 23, 2018.
– Social activists tracking the longdrawn crusade against the copper factory are of the view that the prospect of a further legal battle is clear and present. “It is very likely that the company will move the Supreme Court against the closure order because the case against rejection of the consent to operate licence (pollution control board had refused to renew a licence for the plant) is going on at the appellate authority,” said V Ramasubbu, one of the litigants against Sterlite in earlier cases. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-government-orders-permanent-closure-of-sterlite-plant-in-tuticorin/articleshow/64355730.cms (The Economic Times, 29 May 2018)
Op-EdWhy shutting down Sterlite’s polluting copper factory in Thoothukudi is only a small victory by Nityanand Jayaraman: The Tamil Nadu government’s order may not survive a legal challenge unless it’s strengthened by citing the company’s gross illegalities. For 22 years, the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control board and the central environment ministry have colluded with Sterlite, allowing it to operate an under-designed factory. In its order of April 9, 2018 rejecting the renewal of Sterlite’s Consent to Operate, the board presented pathetically weak reasons to support its decision. Instead of citing Sterlite’s serious legal violations, the pollution regulator chose easily reparable ones. The reason: both the board and the environment ministry are party to the company’s serious violations. In Sterlite’s case too, getting it to clean up the contaminated environment, including the heavily polluted factory premises, compensate the affected people or rehabilitate the workers who lost jobs for no fault of theirs, will take some doing.
– So, unless the Tamil Nadu government follows up its order with a reasoned justification, based on science and evidence, for the factory’s closure, it would be betraying Thoothukudi’s residents. The opposition parties need to push for the Assembly to pass a unanimous resolution backing the government’s decision to shut down the Sterlite factory as the logical step to take for the state’s well-being. https://scroll.in/article/880637/why-shutting-down-sterlites-polluting-copper-factory-in-thoothukudi-is-only-a-small-victory
GujaratACB spots leaks in water conservation efforts ACB officials said that in past two months, they have registered nine cases related to water management in Gujarat. In the same period, the agency also conducted a major search operation at the headquarters of Gujarat Land Development Corporation (GLDC) and found a total of Rs 56.5 lakh cash — the biggest haul from a government office in an ACB case. It started with a case filed by Bhuj office of ACB on March 24 against two officials of water conservation department and a private contractor where the trio showed farm ponds dug on paper in Rapar taluka and incurred loss of Rs 2 lakh to the government exchequer. The same modus operandi came to light when ACB filed four cases in Valsad district on May 24 where collectively the government exchequer incurred loss of Rs 31.79 lakh by not making 35 farm ponds in four different villages of the district and still showing their completion on paper. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/acb-spots-leaks-in-water-conservation-efforts/articleshow/64346075.cms (The Times of India, 28 May 2018)
Shimla Water CrisisResidents warn tourist about ongoing water crisisIs it Shimla’s WORST WATER CRISIS EVER: ” Residents of the state capital have taken to the social media to warn tourists against visiting the city and advising them to reschedule their itinerary in the wake of the worst-ever water crisis.
“Please do not consume our water, if we get it in days to come. There is no water for the past one week. Please plan your trip to some other destination”, reads an advisory posted by a local resident on the social media.
They urged the tourists to take precautions while eating at dhabas and restaurants as water is not available for cooking and unsafe water is being used instead.
Some of the hotels have posted messages on their social networking sites saying, “Please do not come to Shimla and those who have made advance booking in our hotel will get the full refund if they wish to make a cancellation request.”
The Tourism Industry Stakeholders’ Association (TISA) and the Shimla Hotel and Restaurant Association (SHRA) is contemplating resorting to “No service, no bill” policy.
According to information, the price of a water tanker (12,000 litre) has gone up from Rs 2,500 to Rs 8,000.
MK Seth said occupancy in hotels was about 80-90 per cent at present. Tourists are making frantic calls and asking for booking cancellation. If “false propaganda” was not stopped, tourist inflow would be badly affected, he added.
With the beginning of summer vacation in schools in the plains from June 1, tourists will make a beeline for the city to get a relief from the scorching heat. Although water problem is not a new for Shimla, it is for the first time that people are not getting it even on the seventh or the eight day. ” http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/do-not-consume-our-water-locals-to-tourists/596463.html (The Tribune, 29 May 2018)
Shimla residents continue to face acute water crisis:“The Municipal Corporation is distributing water under police protection. Over 70 police personnel have been specifically deployed to deal with the situation in the water-deprived hill-station.
– The demand for bottled water has increased by 50 to 60 per cent due to water scarcity in Shimla.
– The tourism industry in Himachal Pradesh’s Shimla has also been massively hit as tourists are cancelling their visits to the hill-station.
– The Shimla administration has also postponed a major tourist attraction, International Shimla Summer Festival, scheduled from June 1 to 5 due to the scarcity of water in the town.
– On May 30, Himachal Pradesh High Court directed the Shimla Municipal Corporation not to distribute water through tankers. The court has also directed the state government and the Shimla Municipal Corporation to not allow any water supply for building construction and car washing.
– The high court, which on May 29, ordered stringent water-saving measures, has now asked Shimla Municipal Corporation to disconnect water supply to hotels which do not pay their pending water charges within two days.
– High Court also ordered a halt to construction activity and washing cars in the core areas of the city for the next few days. It also directed that no water tankers will be sent to individuals, even if they are ministers, bureaucrats or judges. Only the governor and the chief minister were exempted from the order.
– Protests over the crisis continued in the city with Congress activists blocking some roads. Local residents also expressed their anger on social media in the last few days, with some asking tourists to stay away from the hill town.
– Shimla authorities also deployed 27 tankers to distribute 2.25 lakh litres of water at 63 points in the city. The total availability of water from all sources in Shimla now is 21.75 million litres per day against a requirement of 32-35 MLD.
Op-EdWater harvesting is the answer, not dependence on the state by Sanjay Austa: What Shimla’s residents must do is give up their dependency on the government, and begin to follow water conservation practices like harvesting and recycling water, which have so far been adopted by a minuscule portion of the population.
– The several hotels in the tourist town are loath to invest in water-saving efforts too. For instance, on paper, its compulsory for all Shimla hotels to harvest rainwater. But to avoid the costs of a filtration plant, most hotels fill their rainwater tanks with municipal water. Very few hotels have recycling plants.
– Finally, it is also a question of priorities. In a drive to make Shimla look pretty, there is a rule that the roof of every house must be painted either red or green. Non-compliance leads to a fine, so everyone complies. It costs about Rs 30,000 to paint a roof, and half of that to install a rainwater harvesting system. The residents of Shimla, the hotels who profit from the tourists who visit the town, and the state government need to get their priorities right. https://scroll.in/article/881021/water-woes-in-shimla-underline-the-need-for-water-harvesting (Scroll, 1 June 208)
The advocacy for a long distance, highly capital, energy and carbon footprint heavy centralised option of mega water supply from Kol Dam for Shimla is clearly misplaced. Its clear the author has no value for local options from rain to local water bodies to treated sewage, leading to use of uncontaminated local sources. Some useful information:
Shimla city has supply from five major water sources — Gumma, Giri, Ashwini Khad, Churat and Seog. The overall installed capacity is 65 million litres per da (MLD) while the demand is approximately 45 MLD. Despite the higher installed capacity, the city never gets more than 35 MLD as average throughout the year. A lot of the water leaks out during pumping and distribution.
The other major problem is that Ashwini Khad, a major source, was contaminated in 2005 when a sewage treatment plant (STP) was constructed in Malyana, just 5 km upstream. Since then, there have been periodic breakouts of hepatitis. This source met the requirements of a quarter of the city’s population and its near-closure cannot be compensated even by an increase from Giri. At present, not more than 2-3 MLD of water is being pumped into the city from Ashwini Khad.
The growth of the city is massive. From a population of 30,000, now the city has over 2,00,000 people with over 1 lakh entering and leaving the city every day. The city also has more than 40 lakh tourists visiting every year.
Climate change and its impact seem to be profound on the Shimla city water supply system. The winters were, by and large, dry; the rainfall was 80 per cent deficient. It rained in March and April. But the retention of water in these months is very less. The sources of water have gone 50 per cent below the average. The city is experiencing less snow and more rain, but of less duration. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/thirsting-for-water-in-shimla/596349.html (The Tribune, 29 May 2018)
– In 2016, the Central Ground Water Board conducted an aquifer mapping study in Saja and Bemetara blocks in the district to understand the groundwater potential in the area and recommended groundwater recharging through rainwater harvesting at places where the water level is more than five metres in the post-monsoon period. As per the CGWB officials, the geological terrain of the Keshtara panchayat is ideal for groundwater recharge with harvested rainwater due to the presence of shale, dolomite and limestone rocks in the region. But so far, no work has been done to implement it.
– On May 1, 2018, the Bemetara district administration invited India Water Portal to suggest ways to improve the existing water sector situation. The suggestions included:
* Implementation of block-wise aquifer management plans as recommended by the CGWB.
* Implementation of direct borewell recharge wherever possible to improve the availability of water for drinking and irrigation needs.
* Repairing existing but unused water structures.
Improving community participation in managing water resources through competitions and rewards.
Bemetara district administration agreed on all but the direct borewell recharge method on the agricultural sites because, according to the deputy director of the department of irrigation, Vinod Verma, the state government feels that there is a threat of groundwater contamination due to pesticide use by farmers. http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/not-enough-water-villagers-look-solution (India Water Portal, 25 May 2018)
IMDMonsoon Hits Kerala 3 Days Before Schedule The Southwest Monsoon hit Kerala on May 29, three days before its scheduled arrival, the India Meteorological Department said. This is the earliest start to the monsoon, the lifeblood of India’s $2 trillion economy, since 2011. As per the weather office, if 60 per cent of the available 14 stations –Minicoy, Amini, Thiruvananthapuram, Punalur, Kollam, Allapuzha, Kottayam, Kochi, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Thalassery, Kannur, Kudulu and Mangalore — report 2.5 mm or more rainfall for two consecutive days, the onset of monsoon over Kerala can be declared on the second day. This is one of the main parameters for declaring monsoon arrival. Further, the westerly winds must be up to 15,000 feet above main sea level and outgoing long-wave radiation less than 200 wm-2 (watt per square metre). The necessary parameters were met following which the onset of monsoon over Kerala was announced, Mritunjay Mohapatra, Additional Director General, IMD was quoted as saying. https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/3-days-before-its-scheduled-arrival-southwest-monsoon-hits-kerala-imd-1859219?pfrom=home-topstories (NDTV, 29 May 2018)
On May 29, 2018, the southwest monsoon has further advanced into remaining parts of southeast Arabian Sea, Comorin – Maldives area, entire Lakshadweep, most parts of Kerala, some parts of Tamil Nadu and some more parts of southwest, central and northeast Bay of Bengal. Thus the southwest monsoon has set in over Kerala, today, the 29th May 2018, 3 days ahead of its normal date. http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/press_release_view.php?ff=20180529_pr_263 (IMD, Press Release, 29 May 2018)
Shutters of dams raised as heavy rains continueIn the wake of increasing water level due to continuing torrential rain since May 27 evening, the district administration on May 30 issued an alert to the people residing along the banks of the rivers:
“Low-lying areas in the district were inundated and water level in Muvattupuzha and Periyar rivers is rising as shutters of Malankara and Bhoothathankettu dams were opened. Five shutters of Bhoothathankettu dam were partially opened by one metre. Normally, the irrigation department opens dam shutters only by June when monsoon intensifies. However, this year water level in the dam increased even during the summer rains.
The temporary sand bund at Kanakkankadavu in Chalakudy river collapsed in the downpour. The sand bund was constructed to prevent intrusion of brackish water from the backwaters.
It’s raining in Wyanad & Kodagu, water level rising in Cauvery dams With Wyanad in Kerala and other places in the Cauvery catchment area including Kodagu continuing to receive good rains, reservoirs in the Cauvery basin have been seeing good inflow of water in the past few days.
Reservoir
In flow on
May 24, 2018
In flow on
May 30, 2018
Kabini
815 cusecs
2,635 cusecs
Hemavathi
114 cusecs
2,856 cusecs
Harangi
90 cusecs
1,250 cusecs
Also the water levels in the dams are much higher compared to the corresponding period in the previous year as per water resources department sources.
Region wise, the season rainfall is likely to be 100% of LPA over North-West India, 99% of LPA over Central India, 95% of LPA over South Peninsula and 93% of LPA over North-East India all with a model error of ± 8 %.
The monthly rainfall over the country as whole is likely to be 101% of its LPA during July and 94% of LPA during August both with a model error of ± 9 %.
– Compared to April forecast, the forecast probability of Normal, above normal and excess rainfall has gone by 1% each, reducing by 2% the forecast probability of below normal rainfall and by 1% the forecast probability of deficient rainfall. This does not seem like significant change. http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/press_release_view.php?ff=20180530_pr_264 (IMD, 30 May 2018)
MoES Commissions High Resolution Ensemble Prediction Systems for Probabilistic Weather Forecasts The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) on June 1, has commissioned two very high resolution (12 km grid scale) state-of-the-art global Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) for generating operational 10-days probabilistic forecasts of weather, made possibly due to the consistent efforts made by the scientists at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Noida and India Meteorological Department (IMD). The PIB PR says: “The frameworks of the new EPSs are among the best weather prediction systems in the world at present. Very few forecasting centres in the world use this high resolution for short-medium range probabilistic weather forecasts.”
CLOUD BURST 2nd Incident of CLOUD BURST in Uttrakhand in 2018: On June 1, there were cloud bursts at four locations Badkot, Tehri, Pouri and Nanital in Uttrakhand. Tehri and Pouri districts are reportedly most affected by incident. The level of Mandakani river rose dangerously in Rudraprayag district. The flash flood in the have reportedly damaged few bridges leaving locals disconnected.
In Thailisain block of Pouri few cowsheds were washed away along with cattle. A house wall collapsed in Kapkot, Bagheshwar. Landslides blocked highway in Chamoli. Char Dham Yatra is affected.
Weather department has issued high alert for next 24 hours forecasting heavy rains in hilly State. There were thunderstorm accompanied with rains in Dehradun and Ramnagar. In Ramnagar a storm occurred in the evening uprooting many trees resulting in disruption of traffic for several hours. https://www.thequint.com/news/india/uttarakhand-cloud-burst-pauri-paithani (The Quint, 1 June, 2018)
There was another cloudburst incident in Betalghat Pithoraghar. Cloud burst in Betalghat area of Pithoragarh district has caused huge devastation. Debris has been entered in many homes and shops. The fields got buried with rubble. There is no information of deaths in the incident. https://uttarakhandnewsnetwork.com/2018/06/crops-destroyed-after-cloud-burst-in-pithoragarh/ (Uttrakhand News Network, 1 June 2018)
Hindi report on Cloud burst incident in Uttrakhand उत्तराखंड में चार स्थानों पर बादल फटने से नुकसान हुआ है। शुक्रवार को एक के बाद एक टिहरी, उत्तरकाशी, पौड़ी और नैनीताल जिलों में बादल फटने से स्थानीय नदी-नालों में उफान आ गया। खेत मलबे से पट गए और कई घरों में पानी घुस गया। पैदल मार्ग बहने से करीब कई गांवों का संपर्क भी कट गया है। यद्यपि चमोली में बारिश के दौरान मलबा आने से बदरीनाथ हाईवे मलबा आने से आठ घंटे बंद रहा। https://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/02-jun-2018-edition-garwal-page_3-8928-15209-105.html (Dainik Jagran, 2 June 2018)
He also batted for joint-dredging of rivers and said the prime ministers of the two countries had an extensive discussions on the issue.
Responding to a question on China building dams on the Brahmaputra, he said: “On the Brahmaputra basin, we are very concerned about diversion of water and Bangladesh is prepared to join a joint basin management concept where we will discuss the points of water as it flows from the point of origin to the point of exit in the sea.”
On the Teesta water-sharing agreement, he said discussions have been going on within India between the states of Sikkim, West Bengal and the Centre.
NepalGovt Scraps Chinese Contract for West Seti Hydro project Nepal’s finance minister made the announcement to scrap the hydel power project with the Chinese firm while releasing the first federal budget for fiscal 2019. The reservoir type 750 MW West Seti project in western Nepal couldn’t be completed as the company, China Three Gorges Corporation or CTGC, demanded a hike in the power purchase rate, the price at which Nepal would be buying electricity. A year ago, the Chinese firm had given Nepal an option to reduce the production capacity to 600 MW, in case Nepal was not agreeable to paying a higher power purchase cost. The agreement signed between the two nations state that the Chinese firm CTGC will have a 75 per cent stake in the project and the rest will be held by the Nepal Electricity Authority. The project with the reservoir covers Baitadi, Bajhang and Dadeldhura. It was expected to produce 1.8 billion units of electricity a year. The project with the 207-metre-tall dam was estimated to cost $1.8 billion, including the interest charges of $0.4 Billion. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/nepal-scraps-chinese-contract-will-build-mega-power-project-on-its-own-1859540?pfrom=home-lateststories (NDTV, 26 May 2018)
THE REST OF WORLD
USADAM EMERGENCY, EVACUATIONS IN USA AFTER LANDSLIDE TRIGERRED BY STORM Authorities in western North Carolina in USA has canceled evacuations in an area south of the Lake Tahoma dam, which had been in “imminent danger” of failing after a landslide. The landslide was set off by heavy rainfall associated with subtropical storm Alberto. Local officials said on May 30 morning (US Time) that an engineer had performed a safety inspection and determined that the evacuation order was no longer needed. Earlier after midnight on May 29, the National Weather Service had declared a flash flood emergency in the area, which read: “McDowell county emergency management reports water is spilling around the sides of Lake Tahoma dam. Evacuations ongoing south of the dam. THIS IS A LIFE-THREATENING SITUATION. HEED ALL EVACUATION ORDERS IMMEDIATELY!” An Update from NWS read: “A landslide has comprised the integrity of Lake Tahoma Dam. MANDATORY EVACUATIONS underway from the Dam at Lake Shore Dr to Lake Tahoma Rd (NC 80) to the confluence of the Catawba River near Resistoflex Rd and Riverside Park. ACT NOW TO PRESERVE YOUR LIFE!”
About 2,000 people were evacuated after emergency managers said the Lake Tahoma dam in western North Carolina was in danger of “imminent failure.” Heavy rain triggered landslides at the dam, and the National Weather Service said “evacuees are being asked to flee.” http://time.com/5295102/north-carolina-evacuations/ (Time, 30 May 2018)
American RiversAFTER THE FLOOD, BUILDING SAFER AND SMARTER “We must reject outdated flood control approaches. In the past, many cities and towns reacted to floods by building dams, levees and floodwalls, channelizing rivers in concrete straitjackets – an approach that actually increases flood damage downstream. Billions have been spent on dams, levees and other flood control structures, but we have been largely unsuccessful in “controlling” anything. Flood damages have continued to increase nationwide, costing taxpayers, families, businesses and the environment.
We now know that often the best way to reduce flood damage, and to safeguard people and property, is by avoiding development in floodplains, re-connecting rivers with their floodplains and by protecting and restoring wetlands. After decades of sustaining major flood damage, Vermont now actively promotes these natural flood-management solutions, as opposed to building more and bigger dams, levees and floodwalls. Recent projects in California’s Central Valley prove that reconnecting rivers to floodplains has multiple benefits for flood protection, water supply, fish and wildlife habitat and recreation.” https://www.americanrivers.org/2018/06/after-the-flood-building-safer-and-smarter/ (American Rivers, 1 June 2018)
StudyIn a Warming West, the Rio Grande Is Drying Up A study last year of the Colorado River, which provides water to 40 million people and is far bigger than the Rio Grande, found that flows from 2000 to 2014 were nearly 20 percent below the 20th century average, with about a third of the reduction attributable to human-caused warming. The study suggested that if climate change continued unabated, human-induced warming could eventually reduce Colorado flows by at least an additional one-third this century.
“Both of these rivers are poster children for what climate change is doing to the Southwest,” said Jonathan T. Overpeck, dean of the School for Environment and Sustainability at the University of Michigan and an author of the Colorado study. While both the Colorado and the Rio Grande are affected by warming, Dr. Overpeck said, the Rio Grande has also been hurt by declines in winter precipitation. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/05/24/climate/dry-rio-grande.html (The New York Times, 24 May 2018)
ReportEngland at risk of water shortages due to overuse and leaks England Environment Agency (EA) has warned that people need to use less water and companies must curb leaks to prevent future water shortages and damage to rivers and wildlife.
It also says that many sources of water supplies are already overstretched and, with climate change and a growing population, much of England could see significant supply shortages by the 2050s – particularly in the south-east.
In England, almost 9,500bn litres of freshwater were abstracted in 2016, which is enough to cover the whole of Greater London in nearly 6m (20ft) of water. But 3bn litres a day are lost through leaks from pipes – equivalent to the amount of water used by more than 20 million people in an average day, the EA said in a new report.
Large amounts of water are also wasted by households, where average use is 140 litres per person a day. In total, a third of water taken from the natural environment is wasted through leaks, treatment losses, and in the home.
The amount of water taken out of the environment for households, industry and agriculture was already unsustainable for more than a quarter (28%) of groundwater resources in 2017, and almost a fifth (18%) of surface water such as rivers have also seen unsustainable levels of abstraction.
That meant that somewhere between 6% and 15% of rivers were in a poor environmental condition, including more than three-quarters of chalk streams – a unique and globally important habitat.
England’s population is growing, and is set to rise to 58.5 million by 2026, putting even more stress on water supplies. If no action is taken to reduce demand and increase water supplies, most areas will not be able to meet demand, the report said.
Even with low population growth and less severe changes to the climate, there will be significant water supply deficits by the 2050s, particularly in the south east. The report also warned that energy generation is a major user of water.
In the future, more nuclear or renewables could reduce the use of water, but if gas or other fossil fuel power plants are used with technology to capture their carbon emissions and store it underground, that could lead to increased water use, the report said.
The Arunachal Pradesh government has signed a MoU with Panyor Hydro Power Private Limited, a company based in Hyderabad to construct the Panyor hydro electric project. This will be the second hydroelectric project coming up on the Panyor River which is also known as Ranganadi in the downstream. This project with 80 (2x40MW) MW installed capacity is to be considered for ToR clearance in the 69th meeting of EAC to be held on 11-12 November, 2013.
Salient Features Panyor Hydropower project will be located a Lemma, a village five km upstream of the Yazali town in Lower Subansiri district. The proposed project is 12 km upstream of the Ranganadi dam Stage II with a surface power house on the left bank of the river and a 108 m high concrete gravity dam. This reservoir will cover 7.5 km of the river length. The catchment area of this dam is 1315.50 sq km. The tail race channel will be 300 m long. Total area required for the project is 390 ha. Out of this 42 ha is river area, 25 ha is reserve forest and 323 ha is private land. The total estimated cost of this project is Rs 820 crores which imply that per megawatt cost is Rs 10.25 crores.
First Wave of Flash Flood on June 14, 2008 near N Lakhimpur town, due to excess water released from Ranganadi HEP without prior warning
Critical Issues It was surprising to see that even though the project has been on EAC agenda for ToR clearance MoEF website does not have the complete documents for this project. The PFR document of the project was not opening up in the website. Going through the Form I of the project we found several issues which need to be highlighted.
Downstream impacts In regard of the project on the Panyor river it is very important to remember that the catastrophic downstream impacts of hydropower dams in Arunachal, which has been a subject of much debate in Assam, with specific issues raised against the existing 405 MW HEP on Ranganadi. The release of water from the Ranganadi dam on June 14, 2008 had led to flash floods in a vast area and catastrophic devastation in the downstream. The Ranganadi dam is having severe downstream impacts not only in the Ranganadi valley, but also in the Dikrong valley since water from this dam is released in Dikrong or Pare River through an 8.5 km long diversion tunnel. Now construction of another dam on the same river which needs serious analysis since the Form I (p 45) states “Downstream impact on water, land, human environment due to drying up of the river at least 10 km downstream of the dam.”
The drying of the river for at least 10 km downstream of the proposed dam also need to seriously examined keeping in mind the reservoir spread of the Ranganadi stage I project.
Not a single village affected and no rehabilitation? Form I (p 33) states that not a single village would be affected and no rehabilitation needs to be done, which seems doubtful. The document at the beginning states that the project is located near Lemma village. It also suggests for socio-economic impacts where it mentioned about project affected families. These are serious contradictory issues within the same report and the developer should be asked to resolve this.
Environment Flow contradictory The Form I provides contradictory information regarding environment flow. On the last page, the document states “A scientific study shall be done to assess the downstream requirement of water to decide minimum assured release of water (Environmental Flows) for maintaining the aquatic ecology and water quality of river.” But on page 33 in the section 2.7 the document states that environment flow will be 3 cumecs.
Important aspects left out from scoping of EIA study In the scoping for EIA/EMP study there are several important aspect which the Form I has made no mention at all. These include:
1. Impacts of excavation and mining
2. Impact of the project on landslide and other disaster potential of the area and region.
3. Disaster management plan considering the previous flash flood event in June 2008.
4. Impacts of climate change and impacts of the project on local climate
5. Options assessment including potential of micro hydro (below 1 MW capacity) projects. The project will submerge a huge 312 ha of land. The PP (Project Proponent) should look into the options for run of river project rather than a dam with such huge submergence.
Wrong answers given in Form 1 In case of some of the information given in the Form 1, it seems wrong and the PP should be asked to correct it. For example (this is not exhaustive list):
1. In case of point 1.26 (p 11), in response to question “Long-term dismantling or decommissioning or restoration works?”, the Form says “No”. This is clearly wrong. After the useful life of the dam, it will need to be decommissioned and this has to be part of the EIA and TOR.
2. Similarly answer to question 1.27 (“Ongoing activity during decommissioning which could have an impact on the environment?”) is wrongly given as No.
3. In para 1.2 (p 6) there is no mention of land requirement for mining material for the project like sand, gravel, boulders, etc.
4. Para 2.2 (p 12) how much water will be used (KLD) or source is not given.
5. Para 2.3, in answer to minerals No is given, where as the project will require sand, clay, gravel, boulders, etc.
6. In response to Para 2.7, the impact of project on aquatic biodiversity, including fisheries should have been mentioned.
7. In response to Para 3.1 use of explosives is admitted. However, it should be told to PP to minimize the use of explosives considering the impact of them on increased landslides and other disasters.
8. In response to Para 3.3 the PP should have mentioned the impact of project on the people who also use the forests, rivers, get affected by other aspects including destruction of biodiversity including fisheries upstream and downstream.
9. In para 4.2 (p 16) and elsewhere, estimate of 1000 populations for “400 technical and labour staff” is clearly wrong. Also estimate of 200 labour vs 150 technical staff also do not seem correct.
10. Para 4.3 should also include the remains of explosives among hazardous waste.
11. Para 5.8 (p 19) answer (Q: Emissions from any other sources) No is clearly wrong, the reservoir covering 312 ha will certainly emit methane needs to be assessed.
12. In para 8.3 (p 22) and point 12 under environmental sensitivity (p 25-6) the vulnerability due to floods and landslides such others also need to be mentioned and response to them included.
13. The whole document keeps mentioning 25 ha forest land without inclusion of the community managed forest land in Arunachal Pradesh. This is clearly wrong information.
14. Under point 3 in on Environmental sensitivity (p 24) in response to “Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration”, it is not sufficient to investigate with forest dept, as the response says, since there are several aspects here (e.g. aquatic biodiversity) that are beyond the domain of forest department.
Cumulative Impact Assessment The information given in para 9.4 (p 24) is clearly wrong. There are at least eleven hydropower projects at various stages in the combined Ranganadi-Dikrong basin, including one operating, one under construction, three TOR approvals given and five additional MoA signed (in addition to the proposed project), see details below:
1. 405 MW Ranganadi HEP (Existing, transferring water from Ranganadi to Dikrong)
2. 110 MW Pare HEP (under construction)
3. 60 MW Par HEP on Dikrong (TOR approved by EAC on 8/9/2012)
4. 60 MW Dardu HEP on Dikrong (TOR approved by EAC on 8/9/2012)
5. 66 MW Turu HEP on Dikrong (TOR approved by EAC on 8/9/2012)
6. 25 MW Adum (Upper) Panyor HEP: Upfront premium and application fee of Rs 11.05 lakhs received by Arunachal Pradesh government from BSS Arunachal Energy Development Pvt. Ltd. (on 10/03/2010)[1]
7. 21 MW Panyor Lepa Middle HEP: Upfront premium nad processing fee of Rs 9.4 lakhs received by Arunachal Pradesh Government from JMD Power Solutions Pvt, New Delhi (on 27/08/2010)
8. 25 MW Papumpam HEP: allotted to: Meena Entrade and Engineering Pvt. Ltd. Naharlagun, AP. on 19/08/2008[2]
9. 15 MW Papum HEP: allotted to Patel Tours and Travels (Mumbai) on Dec 12, 2008
10. 12 MW Poma HEP: allotted to Patel Tours and Travels (Mumbai) on Dec 12, 2008
Hence a credible basin study is required BEFORE any more (including Panyor) projects are considered in Ranganadi-Dikrong basin.
Costly Project Per MW cost of this project will be Rs 10.25 crores according to current estimates. This will be costly affair considering that per MW cost of solar PV project would be lower than this.
Until the above issues are resolved, the project should not be considered for Scoping clearance.
ITANAGAR, July 11:Panchayat leaders of Pistana and Yachuli circles of Lower Subansiri district have voiced their protest against coming up of Panyor Hydro Electric Project, which they claimed was ‘kept secret’ from the public.
In a representation to the Chief Secretary yesterday, the PR leaders led by Zilla Parishad Chairperson Likha Tongum said that Panyor Hydro Electric Project came to light when M/S Raajratna Energy Holdings Private Ltd of Shimla, started surveying and investigation works in the area. They urged the Chief Secretary to cancel the MoA signed with the private company immediately in the interest of local sentiments.
To the surprise of the people of the area, MoA to this regard was already signed between the govt and the company on February 25 last for implementation of the 80 MW project on BOOT basis for which an amount of Rs 80 lakhs (at Rs 1 lakh per MW) as processing fees was already paid in the name of the Secretary Power, Govt of AP. The grass-root leaders alleged that the whole process was carried out secretly and kept under wraps.
They leaders further came down heavily on the agency for “totally undermining the project affected panchayats”.
If any agency wants to tap the natural resources available, they have to take the confidence of at least the local panchayat leaders, which is a normal procedure in a democratic setup, the leaders said.
“The local panchayats are the sole custodian and owner of natural resources in the region since time immemorial,” the leaders said and have decided to protest against the execution of the project.
The Lower Kopili Hydro Electric Project(HEP) will be considered for TOR clearance in the forthcoming Expert Appraisal Committee(EAC) meeting on September 23-24, 2013. This project was first discussed in the 63rd EAC meeting held on 12-13th October, 2012. It was again discussed in the 65th meeting of the EAC held on 26-27th December, 2012 for approval of Terms of Reference (TOR) for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EAC had sent back the project proposal seeking additional information/clarification on several issues. There were several critical issues which were not raised by the EAC. We have made a submission to EAC pointing out issues which need urgent attention.
Background of Hydroelectricity Generation on Kopili River
The Kopili River: Kopili is a south bank tributary of Brahmaputra which originates in the Borail range mountains in Meghalaya at an altitude of about 1600 m and has a total length of 290 km up to its confluence with Brahmaputra. Its basin is bound by the Jaintia Hills in the west and the South Cachar and Mikir Hills in the east. Kharkor, Myntriang, Dinar, Longsom, Amring, Umrong, Longku and Langkri are its major tributaries in its upper reaches.
After entering Assam the Kopili separates the Karbi Anglong district from the Dima Hasao North Cachar Hills district up to its confluence with Diyung River on its right at 135 km. After the confluence with Diyung, Kopili flows into the Nagaon district in a north-westerly direction. The Jamuna River with a catchment of 3960 km2 flows to the Kopili at Jamunamukh. The river then flows in western direction, and further downstream, the Umkhen-Borapani River which rises in the Shillong plateau and drains an area of 2038 km2 joins Kopili at a distance of 254 km from the left. The Killing River, known as Umiam in its upper reaches draining an area of about 1445 km2, flows into Kopili from the left at about 280 km. The Kopili River finally flows to Kalang, a spill channel of Brahmaputra, near Hatimukh after traversing a distance of 290 km2. The total catchment of Kopili River is about 16,421km2.
Kopili HEP: The Kopili Hydro Electric Project (HEP) has two dams, one on the Kopili River and one on its tributary Umrang stream. This project was developed by NEEPCO (Northeast Electric Power Corporation Ltd.). The first dam with 66 m height on the Kopli River is known as Khndong dam and the second one with 30 m height is known as Kopili dam located at Umranso. Water from the Khandong reservoir is utilised in the Khandong power station through a 2852 m long tunnel to generate 50 MW (2 X 25 MW) of power. The tail water from this powerhouse is led to the Umrong reservoir. The water from Umrong reservoir is taken through a 5473 m long tunnel to the Kopili power station to generate 200 MW (4 X 50 MW) of power. An additional 25MW was added to the Khandong dam in the Stage two of the Kopili HEP, making the total power generation 275 MW. Both Khandong and Kopili dams are concrete gravity dams. The first unit of this Kopili HEP was commissioned in March 1984. Additional unit under stage two was commissioned in July, 2004.
Proposed Lower Kopili HEP: The proposed Lower Kopili HEP is coming up in Boro Longku village in Dima Hasao district. The project is developed by Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited (APGCL). The Lower Kopili dam will be a concrete gravity dam with 70.13 m high dam wall. This project will also have two power houses and the first power house, or the main power house will have an installed capacity of 110 MW (2X55MW). An auxiliary Power House with an installed capacity of 10 MW (2×2.5 MW+1×5 MW) has been planned at the toe of the dam for utilizing the mandatory releases for ecological purposes, making the total installed capacity 120 MW. The Head Race Tunnel(HRT) of the project will be 7.25 m in diameter and 3.6 km long. The total land required for this project will be 1577 ha out of which according to the revised PFR and Form-I 552 ha will fall under submergence. But the old PFR and Form-I had mentioned the size of the submergence area as 620ha. The free flowing river stretch between Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of Lower Kopili HEP and Tail Water Level (TWL) of upstream Kopili HEP is about 6 km.
The water available at Lower Kopili dam site will consists of the following components:
1. Tailrace releases from Kopili Power Station (4 x 50 MW)
2. Inflow from intermediate catchment between Khandong and Longku Dam site
3. Spill from Khandong and Umrong Reservoir.
Projects in Cascade on Kopili River
Some Key Issues Requiring Urgent Attention
After thoroughly going through Pre Feasibility Report (PFR) and Form-I of the proposed Lower Kopili HEP we have found that following issues have not been adequately dealt with by the project authorities. Infact some of them have not even been mentioned at all. EAC should not give TOR clearance to the project without satisfactory resolution of these issues.
Dam induced Flood: Experiences of the people living in downstream suggest that floods have become more recurrent after construction of the dam. The Kopili dam has changed the character of flood in the river downstream for the worse. Before the construction of Kopili dam, floods occurred mainly during monsoon season. Increase in water volume due to heavy rains used to be the reason for flood. These were normal floods which occurred not more than two or three times a year. But after the construction of the dam, number of artificial floods occurring in a year has gone upto 5- 6 times. These floods mainly occurred from the month of August to the first one or two weeks of November. Government of Assam never made an attempt to investigate the source of these floods (this information is from a field visit done to the area).
In the catastrophic floods of 2004, out of 140 revenue villages of Kampur circle of Nagaon district 132 were affected by floods with area of 135.12 sq. miles. Due to these floods 1,92,000 people were temporarily displaced. These floods also took the lives of 4 people. Even government had confirmed that the main reason for the devastation in these Nagaon and Morigaon districts was the release of the water from the NEEPCO’s Kopili project. The team that was deputed by the government found that water level of the Khandong reservoir went up to 727.70 meters against the FRL of 719.30 meters on 18th July 2004, which rolled down and led to catastrophic disaster. Flood release from the dam happened without prior warning and affected the whole valley. Kampur is one of the towns located in the downstream of Kopili dam where people were give only 2 hours to evacuate the area and move to nearby relief camps. July 18 is less than midway through the monsoon and questions arise why was the dam allowed to be filled up so soon which had led to such disaster. Had the dam operations were conducted properly the disaster could have possibly been avoided.
The issue of flash floods in Kopili River was raised in the Assam state assembly. On 8th November, 2010 former Chief Minister of Assam Mr. Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, an MLA from Nagaon district made a call attention motion in the Legislative assembly on the issue flash floods in Kopili. He stated the NEEPCO is responsible for the flash floods in the Kopili River.[1] Then Water Resource Minister Prithvi Majhi in his reply accepted this claim by saying that “the government would take up the matter of providing prior warning before release of excess water with the NEEPCO authorities.” From the above experiences of flood in Kopili River, it is clear that after the construction of the Kopili HEP (Hydroelectric Project) flood ferocity had increased in the downstream. In such situation construction of another dam in the immediate downstream of previous dam can worsen the flood scenario.
Besides, The Kopili reservoir of the Khandong dam is located at 82.5 km downstream from the origin of Kopili River. A major tributary Myntang with 512 sq kmcatchment joins Kopili at 86 km from origin[2]. This is one of the tributaries in the upstream of proposed Longku dam site. In rainy season excess of rains in the catchment of these streams can also lead to spillovers in the proposed dam itself. The PFR does not look into the cumulative impact of the operation of the two dams on the downstream riverine area.
Spillway Capacity Inadequate at Lower Kopili HEP: As per the PFR, the design spillway capacity of the proposed Lower Kopili project with catchment of 2106 sq km is 16110 cumecs. Compare this with the spillway capacity of the upstream Khandong dam on the same Kopili river with catchment area of 1256 sq km being 15471.3 cumecs. It is clear that the design spillway capacity of the proposed Lower Kopili Project is inadequate.
Acid Contamination due to Opencast Mining threatens Viability of Lower Kopili: In the item 9.9 of the Form-I it has been mentioned that the acidic mine discharge in the upper reaches of the Kopili catchment is posing serious threats to the existing Kopili HEP. The PFR states “The identified acid mine discharge has been reported to cause constant erosion/ corrosion of critical hydropower equipments leading to frequent outages of the power plants under Kopili HEP.” The minutes of 9th TCC (Technical Coordination Committee) & 9th North East Region Power Committee Meetings held on 11-12th August, 2010, stated “The Kopili HE Plant has faced an extraordinary and unprecedented situation owing to acidic nature of the reservoir water. Prima facie, the acidification of the reservoir water is caused due to unscientific coal mining in the catchment area as revealed by study through GSI, NER, Shillong. The increased wear and tear on the underwater metal parts of the Plant due to corrosive action of the acidic water has led to the increase in the number of breakdowns.” The minutes also mentioned “It is pertinent to mention here that, although massive repairing work has been carried out by NEEPCO as temporary measures; an integrated, interdisciplinary approach for preventing / tackling acidification at source must be opted for survival of the Plant.” The acidic contamination due to open cast mining is such that no living organisms could be found in the downstream of Kopili river up to Kheroni.[3] The situation is quite alarming as the PH value of the water has come down from 5.5 to 3.2 due to acidic contamination which is unfit for human consumption. State Power Minster was very much aware of the situation and expressing concerns over this he had asked the center to take up this issue with Meghalaya.[4] The PFR should have given detailed account of implication of this on the proposed Lower Kopili HEP and further downstream, but has not done that.
PFR overlooks Kopili Fault Line: The PFR of the proposed Lower Kopili HEP does not mention about the Kopili fault line[5]. In recent studies done in the Kopili river basin it has been found that the Kopili fault extends from western part of Manipur up to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, covers a distance of about 400 km. During the last 140 years, the Kopili fault has experienced 2 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7 in R.S., three of magnitude 6 to 7 in R.S. and several of magnitude 4.5 to 6 in R.S.[6] The study concludes that the North East region, more specially the Kopili Fault area is a geologically unstable region, surrounded by faults and lineaments and seduction zones in the east. But the PFR of Lower Kopili, overlooking this issue states that there are only two minor faults in this area and both of them are much beyond the project area. This clearly wrong and misleading on the part of Lower Kopili PFR.
Besides, some of the EAC statements are not complete and stand in contradiction to each other. The EAC said that as the site specific seismic study had been completed by IIT Roorkee and considered it appropriate for 120 MW project. But it also mentioned “The project specific geo-morphological and neo-tectonic mapping has not been done so far. As the project area falls under the active seismic zone where the Disang-Naga Thrust and Dhauki fault merge which triggers high seismic risk, the proponent is to monitor the MEQ studies by installing a 3-4 seismograph network for a period of one year.” When EAC is aware of these site specific details, allowing an additional big dam in the area will only to increase disaster potential in the area. EAC needs to keep this in mind while considering this new dam.
Issues Tribal Land Relations: In the item 2.1 of the Form 1 the project authorities have stated that the 620 ha that will be submerged due to this project consists of medium to high density vegetation, scrubs open and barren land etc. But Dima Hasao people have expressed their fears of not getting proper rehabilitation.[7] The project seems to ignore this fact in the form 1. There can another reason also for the stating the submerged land as government land because the land holdings may not same as the ‘patta’ lands.[8] Besides, the area which has been considered for the construction of the dam is inhabited by Dimasa people who mainly depended on the system of shifting cultivation.[9] It is to be noted that in shifting cultivation there a cultivator cannot exercise permanent ownership over the land.
Defining ‘Other Forests’: The project as stated in item 1.1 of form 1 will also submerge 65 ha cultivation land. In the same item it is mentioned that an area of 585 ha will be submerged and this area has been mentioned as ‘other forests’. But the Form 1 did not define what this ‘other forests’ are or what they consists.
Impact on the Local People: In a memorandum submitted jointly by the Karbi Students’ Association (KSA), Sominder Kabi Amei (SKA) and Karbi Nimso Chingthur Asong (KNCA), to the State Power Minster Mr. Praduyut Bordoloi, the association demanded first preference in terms of employment should be given to the locally affected people. But the track record of dam building companies is very poor in this regard. The local people did not get promised employment and other benefits the in the Kopili project which came up in 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. On 20th March 2012, the Dimasa Students’ Union, Dimasa Welfare Association, Karbi Students’ Association and Sengia Tularam Club called for a 48 hours Umrangso bandh seeking “60 per cent of technical and non-technical posts in the project should be reserved for the local tribal populace, 100 per cent reservation for local tribal youths for Grade III and Grade IV posts, free electricity for locals, free treatment facilities in NEEPCO-run hospitals and so on.”[10] This is very crucial issues but surprisingly it finds no place in the PFR document.
Why the size of forest area significantly reduced: In the revised Form I and PFR, submitted on 23 August 2013, Section 1.1 mentioned that out of 1577 ha which is the total land required for the project, 552 ha will fall under submergence and 340 ha forest land will be submerged in the reservoir. But the previous Form I and PFR, submitted on 14th November 2012, stated in the same section that the land falling under submergence and land converted into reservoir area is same i.e. 620 ha. The revised document does not give any rationale for reducing size of submergence area and reservoir area. It is also surprising to note that in the revised document, under the section “Impacts due to damming of river” in page 55, the old figures of submergence has been reiterated – “The damming of river Kopili due to the proposed hydroelectric project in creation of 620 ha of submergence area.” So the new documents submitted in Aug 2013 have serious contradictions.
Issues Need to be Included in EIA report
Since several critical issues were not included in the previously submitted document, we have listed out the following issue which should be included in the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study of the proposed Lower Kopili HEP. Without detail analysis of all these issues EIA cannot be considered as complete.
Downstream Impact Assessment: Downstream impact assessment is a burning problem in Assam. The state has already witnessed huge protests against dams due to lack of proper downstream impact assessment. In case of proposed Lower Kopili HEP, the EIA document should do a proper downstream impact assessment. In order to do a thorough downstream impact assessment, the EIA will have to go beyond the 10 km radius and assess the full downstream area. In case of Lower Kopili, going beyond 10 km downstream becomes all the more significant because major part of the Kopili river basin is in the downstream of the dam. The downstream impact assessment should specifically focus on the impacts of the dam on fisheries and livelihood of the people who are dependent on fisheries, change in character of flood and impacts thereof, change in sedimentation and impacts thereof, change in geomorphological issues, change in groundwater recharge, among others. The EIA should find which section of people will be affected the most by the dam and how to compensate those people.
It has been reported that bank erosion by the Kopili River has increased after the construction of the Kopili dam. The EIA report of Lower Kopili HEP, should do an analysis to find what will be impacts of the new project on river bank erosion.
Impacts Peaking Power Operations: The EIA should do a detail assessment of impacts of peaking power operation during non-monsoon months. Due to peaking power generation in non-monsoon months the river stretch downstream from power house will have very little water for most hours of a day with sudden flows in the river only for a few hours. This flow fluctuation leads to many severe impacts including on aquatic bio-diversity, on safety, on river bed cultivation, on erosion, among others. This has severe socio economic impacts along with issues of safety of the people and their livestock in this stretch of the river. Therefore the EIA should do a detail assessment of impacts of peaking power generation.
Assessment of Optimum Reservoir Operation: The EIA should do an assessment to prepare an optimum reservoir operations plan for the project in order to minimize the downstream impacts if a disaster occurs. It is also highly recommended that the local people should be made a part of the reservoir operations process. Then only the dam authorities can be expected to be more responsible to in reservoir operations.
Impacts of Silt Management operations: The EIA should include detail analysis impact of changing silt flows downstream from desilting chamber, from silt flushing in monsoon, on the downstream areas. The EIA study should give detailed account of how the silt from the dam will be flushed out annually and what will be the impact of this in the downstream. The EIA should also include how the desilting chamber will be operated and what will be its impacts.
Detailed and Thorough Options Assessment: The EIA should do a thorough options assessment for the project. There can be several other cost effective options for power generation in that area and options assessment should look into al those.
Here we can take the case of solar power. A recent example of proposed 1000 MW solar power generation in Rajastan[11] has showed that for 1 MW installed capacity only 2 Ha of land is required and the cost per megawatt installed capacity will be 7.5 crores and electricity will be provided at Rs 6.5 per unit. Another proposed 25 MW solar power project in Assam[12] has similar figures.
At this rate, for a 120 MW (the target capacity of the proposed Lower Kopili HEP) solar power plant, the land required will be 240 ha. But for Lower Kopili HEP the land required is 1557 ha of land out of which nearly 900 ha will be used for the project even if we subtract 680 ha projected to be used for compensatory afforestation. This implies that for 1 MW installed capacity for the proposed dam the land requirement will be about 7.5 ha, about 3.75 times the land required for solar project of same capacity. Besides, the total cost for the Lower Kopili project is expected to be Rs. 1489.64 crores implying cost per MW installed capacity will be Rs. 12.41 crores, compared to Rs 7.5 cr for solar plant. Even if we were to put up 240 MW installed capacity of solar project, it would require 480 ha land, will not have impacts on the river, on people’s livelihoods, on forests, on climate change, and so on.
Increased Costs: It is important to note here that EAC in its 65th meeting in March 2013 discussing this projects had noted “In comparison to other HEPs being examined recently, the cost per unit of installed capacity of this project is almost double!” and this was said when the cost per megawatt installed capacity was Rs. 9.79 crores. Now in the revised document, the cost has gone up further to Rs 12.41 cr, the project proponent need to explain this further escalation from the earlier already high cost.
Groundwater Depletion in Downstream areas: People in the downstream of Kopili dam have reported that there has been depletion of groundwater in the downstream areas of Kopili dam. From a field visit done in the downstream areas of Kopili dam, it was reported that the ground water level at certain areas had reduced to 140 feet. River like Borapani, Kopili and Nisari dry up in the winters affecting the winter cultivations. Besides, wetlands which are known as Beel or Duba locally have disappeared. The reduction in groundwater can also be due to reduced groundwater recharge due to the dam. Impact of the dam on groundwater recharge should be a part of the EIA study.
Impacts of Tunneling and Blasting: The EIA should analyze the impacts of tunneling and blasting as these activities can increase in risk of landslide and disaster in a hilly area. Blasting in hilly area also will have impacts on water and people. These impacts should be thoroughly assessed by the EIA of the proposed project.
Impacts of Mining: The project will require large quantities of sand, coarse and fine granules and boulders. These are likely to be mined from the nearby areas. The EIA should include a study on the impacts of mining on the people as well on the local environment. Mining for the project will be done in the nearby areas and it will have severe impact on people as well as on the river, bio-diversity, hills, flora-fauna and aquatic bio-diversity etc. The study on the impacts of mining should include all these issues.
Impacts of Backwater Effects: The PFR of proposed Lower Kopili HEP states that Maximum Water Level (MWL) of the river is 229.60m where as the FRL of the reservoir is 226.0m. The MWL is thus 3.6m higher than FRL and this will have serious back water effects during the times of monsoon. The EIA must do an assessment of the submergence at MWL level and backwater effect measured at MWL and follow it up with an impacts analysis.
Detailed analysis about the existence of wetlands, watercourses and other water bodies: The revised PFR in page 17 under section ‘Environment Sensitivity’ states that there are no wetlands, watercourses and other waterbodies reported within the 15 km of the project. This statement seems incorrect. The EIA should do a detailed and thorough analysis regarding the existence wetlands, watercourses and other water bodies within 15 km of the project site.
Impacts of Climate Change: The EIA of the proposed Lower Kopili dam should do a study of possible impact of the climate change on the dam as well as on the Kopili river. Besides, it should also include the impacts of the dam on adaptation capacity of the local people.
Smaller Size Documents should be Uploaded for Public Dissemination: The EIA and other documents which would be uploaded on the internet should be about the size of 10 MB or less. The Revised Form I and PFR which uploaded on the MoEF website was 114 MB and it was difficult to download such a huge document even in a metropolis. These heavy documents will nearly be impossible to download from a small town or a village. The MoEF should insist from projects proponents that PP should be careful about this and should reduce the size (less than 10MB) documents for uploading from next time.
Parag Jyoti Saikia
with inputs from Himanshu Thakkar and Pooja Kotoky
[2] Patowary, A., “The Kopili Hydroelectric Project, Downstream People Rise in Struggle” published in “Water Conflicts in Northeast India – A Compendium of Case Studies” edited by Das, Partha J. et. all, 2013
[5] Mahanta, K. and et all (2012): “Structural Formation & Seismicity of Kopili Fault Region in North-East India and Estimation of Its Crustal Velocity” International Journal of Modern Engineering Research,Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4699-4702
[8] It is to be noted that in many of the tribal areas of Assam and India’s north eastern states, the tribal law of land is community of ownership of land and there are no government ‘patta’ system.
SANDRP 
